[1] David J. Egar; 'Electronic Filing and Judicial Electronic Document and Data Interchange (JEDDI)' (1994) <http://ncsc.dni.us/ncsc/ctc4/articles/elec_c.htm>.
[2] McMillan, J., J. Douglas Walker and Lawrence P. Webster. A Guidebook for Electronic Court Filing, (1998) 10.
[3] Tom O'Connor, 'It's Still Slow Go for E-Filing' (2001) Law Technology News < http://www.law.com/cgi-bin/gx.cgi/AppLogic+FTContentServer?pagename=law/View&c=Article&cid=ZZZS7WE10PC&live=true&cst=1&pc=0&pa=0>.
[4] Robert Plotkin, 'Electronic Court Filing: Past, Present and Future' (2000) <http://www.lexisone.com/practicemanagement/pmlibrary/electroniccourtfiling.html>.
[5] Ibid 3.
[6] M. Sean Fosmire, 'Who Benefits From Electronic Filing?' (2000) <http://www.llrx.com/extras/filing.htm>.
[7] Jerry Lawson, 'Six Bum Raps Against E-filing' (2000) < http://www.llrx.com/extras/6bum.htm>.
[8] Ibid.
[9] Robert E. McBeth, 'E-Filing THE FUTURE IS NOW' (2001) 40 NO.3 Judges' Journal 5.
[10] Elizabeth Bacon Ehlers, Carl H. Poedtke, III, and Joan G. Ritchey, Business, Law, and the Internet (2002) [3.11].
[11] (e) FILING WITH THE COURT DEFINED. The filing of papers with the court as required by these rules shall be made by filing them with the clerk of court, except that the judge may permit the papers to be filed with the judge, in which event the judge shall note thereon the filing date and forthwith transmit them to the office of the clerk. A court may by local rule permit papers to be filed, signed, or verified by electronic means that are consistent with technical standards, if any, that the Judicial Conference of the United States establishes. A paper filed by electronic means in compliance with a local rule constitutes a written paper for the purpose of applying these rules. The clerk shall not refuse to accept for filing any paper presented for that purpose solely because it is not presented in proper form as required by these rules or any local rules or practices.
[12] (D) Delivering a copy by any other means, including electronic means, consented to in writing by the person served. Service by electronic means is complete on transmission; service by other consented means is complete when the person making service delivers the copy to the agency designated to make delivery. If authorized by local rule, a party may make service under this subparagraph (D) through the court's transmission facilities.
[13] Patricia Manson, 'Federal Rule Changes Allow E-Filing of Documents' (2001) 147 Chicago Daily Law Bulletin 1.
[14] For instance by listing an electronic mail address on a letterhead.
[15] Questions and Answers on Rules Authorizing Electronic Service <http://www.uscourts.gov/Press_Releases/elecattach.pdf>.
[16] (3) Service by electronic means under Rule 5(b)(2)(D) is not effective if the party making service learns that the attempted service did not reach the person to be served.
[17] (e) ADDITIONAL TIME AFTER SERVICE UNDER RULE 5(b)(2)(B), (C), OR (D). Whenever a party has the right or is required to do some act or take some proceedings within a prescribed period after the service of a notice or other paper upon the party and the notice or paper is served upon the party under Rule 5(b)(2)(B), (C), or (D), 3 days shall be added to the prescribed period.
[18] (d) NOTICE OF ORDERS OR JUDGMENTS. Immediately upon the entry of an order or judgment the clerk shall serve a notice of the entry in the manner provided for in Rule 5(b) upon each party who is not in default for failure to appear, and shall make a note in the docket of the service. Any party may in addition serve a notice of such entry in the manner provided in Rule 5(b) for the service of papers. Lack of notice of the entry by the clerk does not affect the time to appeal or relieve or authorize the court to relieve a party for failure to appeal within the time allowed, except as permitted in Rule 4(a) of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure.
[19] Ibid 15.
[20] <http://www.uscourts.gov/cmecf/cmecf.html>.
[21] Sharon D. Nelson, John W. Simek, 'Going Online E-FILING PRIMER' (2001) 18 NO. 8 General Practice, Solo and Small Firm Section 41, 42.
[22] 2001 YEAR-END REPORT ON THE FEDERAL JUDICIARY, <http://www.uscourts.gov/Press_Releases/yrendrp01.pdf>.
[23] <http://www.uscourts.gov/cmecf/cmecf_faqs.html>.
[24] <http://www.uscourts.gov/cmecf/cmecf_court.html>,<http://pacer.psc.uscourts.gov/announcements/general/ecfnews.html>.
[25] Ibid 23.
[26] Ibid 21.
[27] Ibid.
[28] <http://www.pacer.psc.uscourts.gov>.
[29] NEWS RELEASE Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, 'Eleven "Pilot" Courts Selected for Remote Public Access to Criminal Case Files' 2002) <http://www.uscourts.gov/Press_Releases/pilotcts.pdf>.
[30] (a) SIGNATURE. Every pleading, written motion, and other paper shall be signed by at least one attorney of record in the attorney's individual name, or, if the party is not represented by an attorney, shall be signed by the party. Each paper shall state the signer's address and telephone number, if any. Except when otherwise specifically provided by rule or statute, pleadings need not be verified or accompanied by affidavit. An unsigned paper shall be stricken unless omission of the signature is corrected promptly after being called to the attention of the attorney or party.
[31] Bradley J. Hillis, 'The Digital Record A REVIEW OF ELECTRONIC COURT FILING IN THE UNITED STATES' (2000) 2 Journal of Appellate Practice and Process 319.
[32] Charles Lane, Anthrax Scare Prompts Supreme Court E-filing Discussions Washington Post 17.12.2001 <http://www.infowar.com/law/01/law_121701c_j.shtml>.
[33] There is no consistent number, the National Center for State Courts (NCSC) lists 15 staes <http://www.ncsc.dni.us/NCSC/TIS/TIS99/ELECTR99/Efilinglinks.htm>, the American Bar Assosiation (ABA) presents 13 listed state jursidictions <http://www.abanet.org/tech/ltrc/research/efiling/rules.html> and Wendy R. Leibowitz has collected 26 (including future projects) states at her website < http://www.wendytech.com/efilingprojects.htm#statecourts>.
[34] Ibid 21
[35] <http://www.courtlink.com>.
[36] <http://www.courts.state.co.us/iis/projects/efile/iisefile.htm>.
[37] Colorado Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 121 sec 2.
[38] Uniform Civil Rules for the New York Supreme and County Courts §202.5- b(a)(2).
[39] Categories according to Karen Evie Kalnins, 'Emerging Electronic Filing Court Rules and Standards' (2002) 2 E-Filing Report 5, 6.
[40] (1) An attorney admitted to practice in the State of New York, or admitted pro hac vice for purposes of an action, may register as a Filing User of the UCS Internet Site. A party to an action subject to FBEM who is not represented by an attorney may register as a Filing User of the Internet Site for purposes of such action. Registration shall be by paper on a form prescribed by the appropriate clerk, which shall require identification of the action and the name, address, telephone number and Internet e-mail address of the Filing User. An attorney registering as a Filing User shall declare on the registration form that the attorney is admitted to the Bar of the New York State or admitted pro hac vice in the particular action. If, during the course of the action, an unrepresented party retains an attorney who appears on the party's behalf, the appearing attorney shall ask the clerk to terminate the party's registration as a Filing User upon the attorney's appearance. (2) A Filing User shall notify the clerk immediately of any change in theinformation provided in the Filing User's registration.
[41] 5.5 - Date and Time of Filing. When information has been filed electronically, the official information of record is the electronic recording of the information as stored on the Court's file server, and the filing date and time is deemed to be the date and time recorded on the Court's file server for transmission of the Notice of Electronic Filing, which date and time is stated in the body of such Notice. Nothing in these Rules shall require the filing of any information in the Business Court by electronic means or shall preclude the filing of a physical copy of any paper with the appropriate Clerk of Superior Court in addition to electronic filing. 5.6 - Submission of Filing. An electronic filing may be submitted to the Court at any time of the day or night. For purposes of determining timeliness, a filing shall be deemed to occur (i) on the date the filing was submitted if the submission began during normal business hours of the Business Court (8:00 a.m. -- 5:00 p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding holidays), and (ii) on the next day the Business Court is open for business if submission began after normal business hours of the Business Court.
[42] All documents filed electronically must be capable of being transferred to electronic storage media, without loss of content or material alteration of appearance. The format for electronically filed material shall be the Portable Document Format (PDF), or other approved format.
[43] (4) Papers may be transmitted at any time of the day or night to the UCS Internet Site, and will be deemed filed upon the receipt of those papers by that Site, provided, however, that where payment of a fee is required, the papers will not be deemed filed unless accompanied by a completed credit card or debit card authorization sheet. No later than the following business day, the clerk shall transmit electronically to the sender a Confirmation of Electronic Filing. When papers initiating an action are filed electronically, an index number shall be assigned to the case and the number shall be transmitted to the filing party as part of the Confirmation of Electronic Filing.
[44] (3) A Filing User shall be issued a User Identification Designation ("User ID") and a password by the appropriate clerk upon registration. The clerk shall maintain a confidential record of issued User IDs and passwords. (4) A Filing User shall maintain as confidential, except as provided in subparagraph (6), the User ID and password issued by the clerk. Upon learning of the compromise of the confidentiality of either the User ID or the password, the Filing User shall immediately notify the appropriate clerk, who shall issue the user a new User ID or password as appropriate. (5) The clerk may at any time issue a new User ID or password to any Filing User. A Filing User may at any time obtain a new User ID or password upon request to the clerk by following procedures prescribed by the clerk. (6) A Filing User may authorize another person to file a paper using the User ID and password of the Filing User, and the Filing User shall retain full responsibility for any paper so filed.
[45] Ibid 39
[46] H. Pro Se Filings The court may provide the ability for pro se filers to file electronically.
[47] 5. Only attorneys licensed to practice law in Colorado may register to use the E-Filing System in the pilot program.
[48] C. Except as expressly provided in Local Rule No. 7D below, all pleadings, motions, memoranda of law, orders, or other documents filed in any case assigned to the EFILE electronic filing system shall be filed and served electronically trough the system.
[49] EF Rule 13. Collection of Fees for Instruments Requiring Fee Payment. (a) Any instrument requiring payment of a filing fee to the Clerk of the Court in order to achieve valid filing status shall be filed electronically in the same manner as any other E File document. (b) The Vendor, limited agent for the Superior Court of the District of Columbia, will collect filing fees from the Subscriber through direct billing of the Subscriber.
[50] (3) Whenever a paper is filed electronically that requires the payment of afiling fee, the papers shall include a separate credit or debit card authorization sheet and shall contain the card number or other information of the party or attorney permitting such card to be debited by the County Clerk for the payment of the filing fee. The card authorization shall be kept separately by the clerk and shall not be a part of the public record. The Chief Administrator may permit other methods of paying filing fees from remote locations, such as electronic funds transfers and digital cash payments, and may provide guidelines for their use.
[51] Ibid.
[52] <http://scaleplus.law.gov.au/html/pasteact/3/3328/top.htm>.
[53] Clause 3(b).
[54] Clause 3(d).
[55] Clause 5(a).
[56] Bills Digest No. 64 1999-2000 Electronic Transactions Bill 1999 < http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/bd/1999-2000/2000BD064.htm>.
[57] Electronic Transaction Act 1999 Summary < http://www.law.gov.au/www/securitylawHome.nsf/AllDocs/599C6BC95712D9E6CA256B9D0016CB4B?OpenDocument>.
[58] Parliament of Victoria Law Reform Committee, Technology and the Law, Report No 52 (1999) [9.65].
[59] Sandra Porter, 'Overview of e-filing in Australia' (Presentation at the AIJA and VSCL Conference LEGAL XML & ELECTRONIC FILING: THE AUSTRALIAN FOCUS, Melbourne, October 2001) 3 <http://www.aija.org.au/AIJAVSCL/AIJAVSCLtopic6.pdf>.
[60] Court Website < http://www.familycourt.gov.au/court/html/online.html>.
[61] Ibid
[62] Ibid
[63] Ibid
[64] Ibid
[65] Ibid
[66] <http://www.fedcourt.gov.au>.
[67] <https://www.efiling.fedcourt.gov.au/fedcourt/WelcomeToFedCourtEFS.htm>.
[68] http://www.fedcourt.gov.au/fff/efsguide.html
[69] Ibid 67.
[70] Ibid 68.
[71] Ibid 67.
[72] Ibid 68.
[73] Ibid.
[74] Ibid 67.
[75] Ibid.
[76] <http://sgeag001web.ag.gov.au/www/securitylawHome.nsf/Web+Pages/38A611AD4AB77CB0CA256B9D00182477?OpenDocument>.
[77] < http://sgeag001web.ag.gov.au/www/securitylawHome.nsf/AllDocs/33A53C981570604DCA256BB100007DAB?OpenDocument>.
[78] Ibid 59 7 11 13.
[79] Office of Courts Administration of the Northern Territory of Australia, 'Annual Report 2000-2001' 14 <http://www.nt.gov.au/oca/annual/2000-01%20annual%20report.pdf>.
[80] Jo Sherman and Allison Stanfield, Final Report about the Council of Chief Justices Electronic Appeal Project (1998) [96].
[81] Ibid 58.
[82] Ibid.
[83] Ibid 59 14.
[84] <http://www.dud.de/dud/documents/formvorschriften-010713.pdf>.
[85] "§ 130a Elektronisches Dokument (1) Soweit für vorbereitende Schriftsätze und deren Anlagen, für Anträge und Erklärungen der Parteien sowie für Auskünfte, Aussagen, Gutachten und Erklärungen Dritter die Schriftform vorgesehen ist, genügt dieser Form die Aufzeichnung als elektronisches Dokument, wenn dieses für die Bearbeitung durch das Gericht geeignet ist.
[86] Christopher Kuhner, 'Written Signature Requirements and Electronic Authentication: A Comparative Perspective' <http://www.kuner.com/data/articles/signature_perspective.html> provides an overview about the complex sytem of the written signature in the German Law.
[87] Die verantwortende Person soll das Dokument mit einer qualifizierten elektronischen Signatur nach dem Signaturgesetz versehen.
[88] (2) Die Bundesregierung und die Landesregierungen bestimmen für ihren Bereich durch Rechtsverordnung den Zeitpunkt, von dem an elektronische Dokumente bei den Gerichten eingereicht werden können, sowie die für die Bearbeitung der Dokumente geeignete Form. Die Landesregierungen können die Ermächtigung durch Rechtsverordnung auf die Landesjustizverwaltungen übertragen. Die Zulassung der elektronischen Form kann auf einzelne Gerichte oder Verfahren beschränkt werden.
[89] <http://195.20.250.97/BGBL/bgbl1f/b101022f.pdf>.
[90] § 2 Nr. 1 SigG.
[91] Note: (a)-(d) constitute an 'advanced' electronic signature as provided in § 2 Nr. 2 SigG.
[92] § 2 Nr. 6 SigG.
[93] § 2 Nr. 7 SigG.
[94] § 7 SigG.
[95] Also known as Certificate Authority (CA) or Trustcenter; see Jonathan Angel, 'PKI and the Law' Network Magazine <http://www.networkmagazine.com/article/printableArticle?doc_id=NMG20001004S0010>.
[96] §§ 4-14, 17 SigG for national and §§ 4-14, 23SigG for international certification-service provider.
[97] §§ 5, 6 SigG.
[98] Nina Haverkamp, 'Das papierlose Büro, Gesetzesänderungen erleichtern elektronischen Rechtsverkehr' <http://www.anwaltsreport.de/neuemedien/internet/inter017_1.htm>.
[99] An Overview regarding the often inconsistent terminology provides the 'Digital Signature Task Force' of the Georgia State University <http://gsulaw.gsu.edu/gsuecp/Act/DSTF/07_14_98_Meeting/MeetingIssue.htm>.
[100] Ibid 98.
[101] Ibid 95.
[102] <http://www.jas-brakel.nrw.de/tagung/fachmat/zustrg.doc>.
[103] (3) An die in Absatz 1 Genannten kann auch ein elektronisches Dokument zugestellt werden. Gleiches gilt für andere Verfahrensbeteiligte, wenn sie der Übermittlung elektronischer Dokumente ausdrücklich zugestimmt haben. Für die Übermittlung ist das Dokument mit einer elektronischen Signatur zu versehen und gegen unbefugte Kenntnisnahme Dritter zu schützen. Das Empfangsbekenntnis kann als elektronisches Dokument, durch Fernkopie oder schriftlich erteilt werden. Wird es als elektronisches Dokument erteilt, genügt an Stelle der Unterschrift die Angabe des Namens des Adressaten.
[104] (1) Ein Schriftstück kann an einen Anwalt, einen Notar, einen Gerichtsvollzieher, einen Steuerberater oder an eine sonstige Person, bei der aufgrund ihres Berufes von einer erhöhten Zuverlässigkeit ausgegangen werden kann, eine Behörde, eine Körperschaft oder eine Anstalt des öffentlichen Rechts gegen Empfangsbekenntnis zugestellt werden. Zum Nachweis der Zustellung genügt das mit Datum und Unterschrift des Adressaten versehene schriftliche Empfangsbekenntnis, das an das Gericht zurückzusenden ist.
[105] <http://www.bundesgerichtshof.de/e-rechtsverkehr.htm>.
[106] Hamburg is one of three German Cites (beside Bremen and Berlin) that constitute a German State.
[107] <http://www.hamburg.de/StadtPol/Gerichte/FG/elektronischer_rechtsverkehr/kurzinfo.htm>.
[108] <http://www.inta.org/basics/onlinefile_de.shtml>.
[109] <http://www.bundesgerichtshof.de/ra-bgh.htm>.
[110] <http://www.bundesgerichtshof.de/BGH_ERV_ervvobgh_text_bgbl.pdf>.
[111] Explanatory Memorandum < http://www.bundesgerichtshof.de/BGH_ERV_ervvobgh_mit_begruendung.pdf> 9 Nr. 2.
[113] <http://www.datevstadt.de/datevstadt/jsp/main/content.jsp?gid=423&rid=2738&aid=27383&portal=city>.
[114] 'Information regarding the electronic filing project' < http://www.bundesgerichtshof.de/BGH_ERV_Info_2001-11-20.pdf> 1.
[115] The software 'Die Akte' (the File) produced by the GHP Software.
[116] Ibid 114 2.
[117] <http://www.hamburg.de/StadtPol/Gerichte/FG/elektronischer_rechtsverkehr/format.htm>.
[118] <http://www.hamburg.de/StadtPol/Gerichte/FG/elektronischer_rechtsverkehr/lexikon/isis_mtt.htm>.
[119] <http://www.t7-isis.de>.
[120] < http://www.dahm.de/hdgeorg.htm>.
[121]
Ibid 98.
[122] Ibid.