[1] From now on to be referred to as the Criminal Code
[2] (re-printed and in force on the 1st of December 2000)
[3] Patrick I, "Responding to Female Genital Mutilation: The Australian Experience in Context" (2001) 36(1) Australian Journal of Social Issues 15 at 16
[4] World Health Organization, Female Genital Mutilation: An Overview, Geneva, World Health Organization Publications, 1998 at
[4] <http://www.who.int/dsa/cat98/fgmbook.htm> (12/07/01)
[5] WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, Female Genital Mutilation: A Joint WHO/UNICEF/UNFPA Statement, Geneva, World Health Organization, 1997
[6] As given in Appendix A
[7] Amnesty International, Female Genital Mutilation: A Human Rights Information Pack, ACT, Amnesty International, 199
[7] (Section One at 1) <http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/intcam/femgen/fgm1.htm> (12/07/01)
[8] Note 4 at 7
[9] Note 3 at 17
[10] Dirie W, Desert Flower: The Extraordinary Life of a Desert Nomad, Virago Press, New York, 1998 at 28
[11] often including the child's mother
[12] Family Law Council, Female Genital Mutilation, ISBN 0642208123, Canberra, Family Law Council, June 1994 at [3.03] <http://law.gov.au/flc/reports/fgm.html> (19/0701)
[13] Al-Krenawi A & Wiesel-Lev R, "Attitudes toward and perceived psychosocial impact of female circumcision as practiced among the Bedouin-Arabs of the Negev" (1999) 38(4) Family Process 431 at 431
[14] Note 4 at 7
[15] Note 7 (Section 1) at 2
[16] Note 4 at 3
[17] Note 15
[18] Kopelman LM, "Female circumcision/genital mutilation and ethical relativism" (1994) 20(2) Second Opinion 54 at 61
[19] Note 18 at 61
[20] Note 18 at 62
[21] Note 4 at 23
[22] Note 7 (Section One) at 6
[23] A more comprehensive coverage of medical complications can be found in Appendix B
[24] Note 7 (Section One) at 3
[25] Note 7 (Section One) at 4
[26] Note 7 (Section Three) at 1
[27] Note 12 at [2.32]
[28] Note 24
[29] Note 7 (Section One) at 2
[30] Note 12 at [2.38]
[31] Note 30
[32] Note 12 at [2.48] and [2.52]
[33] Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, Population Flows: Immigration Aspects, Canberra, DIMA, 2000 at 26
[34] 1736 visas
[35] 708 visas
[36] Note 33
[37] the most recent data obtainable
[38] Australian Bureau of Statistics, Census of Population and Housing, unpublished data, ABS, 1996
[39] Hannah-Munster J, A Report on the Female Genital Mutilation Education Program for Queensland, Fortitude Valley, Family Planning Queensland, 1999 at 7
[40] Toubia N, A Call for Global Action, Women Ink, New York, c1993 at 10
[41] Ierodiaconou M, "'Listen to Us!' Female Genital Mutilation, Feminism and the Law in Australia" (1995) 20 Melbourne University Law Review 562 at 571
[42] Note 7 (Section Four) at 2
[43] Note 7 (Section Two) at 2
[44] Note 12 at [5.15]
[45] Inclusion of the relevant articles are given in Appendix C
[46] Note 7 (Section Eight) at 2
[47] Rioja I, The Day Kadi Lost Part of Her Life, Spinifex Press, Melbourne, 1998 at 3
[48] A buankisa is the name given to a woman that performs FGM in the sub-Saharan country of Africa
[49] Bunney L, "Female Genital Mutilation" (1995) 3 Australian Health Law Bulletin 69 at 69
[50] Note 12 at [6.21]
[51] Note 50
[52] Note 12 at [2.28]
[53] Note 12 at [5.16]
[54] Note 7 (Section Eight) at 2
[55] Note 3 at 22
[56] Crimes Act 1990 (NSW), s 45; Criminal Law Consolidated Act 1935 (SA), s 33; Crimes (amendment) Act number 3 1995 (ACT); Criminal Code Act 1983 (NT), ss 186A-186D; Crimes Act 1958 (Victoria), ss 32-38A; Criminal Code Act 1899 (Qld), ss 323A-323B
[57] The actual provisions are given in Appendix D
[58] Although it is noted that medical practitioners can be reported for professional misconduct under section 35 of the Medical Act (Qld)
[59] Note 4 at 6
[60] Note 12 at [6.55]
[61] Mr Matthew Foley, Queensland, House of Representatives, Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), No.357, 5 October 2000, 3552
[62] Note 12 at [6.60]
[63] Note 3 at 23
[64] Note 12 at [6.81]
[65] Note 49 at 71
[66] WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, A Joint WHO/UNICEF/UNFPA Statement, Geneva, World Health Organization, 1996
[67] Note 12 at [6.05]
[68] Note 12 at [5.10]
[69] Note 3 at 16
[70] Note 39 at 11
[71] Note 3 at 20
[72] Note 12 at [3.18]
[73] Note 4 at 6
[74] Nour NM, "Female circumcision and genital mutilation: a practical and sensitive approach" (2000) 45(3) Contemporary Obstetrics and Gynaecology 50 at 52
[75] Note 12 at [4.02]
[76] Note 12 at [4.03]
[77] Note 12 at [4.07]
[78] Note 12 at [4.04]
[79]
Note 3 at 33
[80] Criminal Code Act 1899 (Qld)