[1] S.E. Finer, Five Constitutions, (Sussex: Harvest Press, 1979), p. 22.
[2] Y. Shimomura, "Democracy, Governance and the role of the State in Economic Development: An East Asian Perspective," a paper presented to the African Development Institute, Annual Meetings Symposium, Africa Development Bank, Abuja, 23 May 1995, p. 1.
[3] See Ibid., pp. 2-3.
[4] For an elaborate discussion on inalienable rights, see Mwenda K.K., and Owusu G.S., "Human Rights Law in Context: The Case of Ghana," The Review of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, Vol. 8, Pt 1, 1999.
[5] Examples of fragmented opposition include the notorious cases of Kenya, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
[6] Y. Shimomura, op. cit., p. 2.
[7] See Y. Shimomura, Ibid., p. 2. Shimomura, referring to Yasusuke Murakami's thesis, (Ibid., pp. 2-3) observes: "In the attempt to overcome this difficulty, he proposed the paradigm of 'developmentalism'; the central features of developmentalism are as shown below (Murakami 1992): (a) It is based on the principle of market mechanism and property right; (b) The highest priority is given to the achievement of industrialisation; (c) Government intervention on market mechanism is accepted from the long-term viewpoint; and (d) The functioning of parliamentary democracy is limited to a certain extent."
[8] See generally Brownlie I., Principles of Public International Law, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990); Harris D.J., Cases and Materials on International Law, (London: Sweet and Maxwell, 1991); and Shaw M., International Law, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
[9] See Brownlie I., Ibid., pp. 510-517; Churchill R.R., and Lowe A.V., The Law of the Sea, (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992), pp. 171-72.
[10] See generally Hillier T., Sourcebook on Public International Law, (London: Cavendish Publishing, 1998); Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948.
[11] Cf. Under international law, States not only have rights, but have responsibilities as well. See generally M. Ragazzi, The Concept of International Obligations erga omnes, (Oxford; New York: Clarendon Press, 1997).
[12] See generally Mwenda K.K., and Owusu G.S., op. cit.
[13] See Ibid., pp. 40-54.
[14] See generally famous works on Marxist-Leninist thought, e.g. Karl Marx's Das Kapital; and Vladmir Lenin's Lenin: Selected Works.
[15] See generally Shivji I.G. (ed.), State and Constitutionalism: An African Debate on Democracy, (Harare: SAPES Books, 1991).
[16] See generally Mwenda K.K., and Owusu G.S., op. cit.