[1] Australia, House of Representatives, Electronic Transactions Bill 1999: Explanatory Memorandum (1999), pp 7 - 9.
[2] Australia, House of Representatives, Electronic Transactions Bill 1999: Explanatory Memorandum (1999), p 7.
[3] Frequently Asked Questions [Internet - http://www.law.gov.au/publications/ecommerce/faq.html (accessed 18 August 2000)].
[4] L. Gamertsfelder, "Electronic Bills of Exchange: Will the Current Law Recognise Them?", (1998) 21 (2) University of New South Wales Law Journal, 568. See too writing in s4 of the Bills of Exchange Act (1909) (Cth).
[5] (1884) 10 VLR 322. See also Saunders v Pirie and Cripps [1961] (SR(NSW)) 387 per Brereton J and sub 97(1) of the Bills of Exchange Act (1909) (Cth). For the line of English authority, see R v Kent Justices (1873) LR 8 QB 305 and Morton v Copeland (1850) 16 CB 517, 535. See too J.S. James, Stroud's Judicial Dictionary (Sweet & Maxwell, London, 1986), p 2431 and J. Vaughan, T. Sewards and R. Kelso, Study of the Law of Internet Commercial Transactions: Issues Analysis (CIRCIT, Melbourne, 1997), p 34.
[6] Teletyped signatures were deemed acceptable in Torrac Investments Pty Ltd v Australian National Airlines (1984). See UCP 500 20(b) on electronic or encrypted signatures.
[7] A. McCullagh, "Legal Aspects of Electronic Contracts and Digital Signatures" in A. Fitzgerald, B. Fitzgerald, P. Cook and C. Cifuentes (eds.), Going Digital: Legal Issues for Electronic Commerce, Multimedia and the Internet (Prospect Media Pty Ltd, St Leonards, 1998), p 118; B. Schneier, Applied Cryptography: Protocols, Algorithms and Source Code in C (2nd ed, Wiley, New York, 1996), chapters 19 - 21; A. Tyree, PINs and Signatures [Internet - http://www.law.usyd.edu.au/~alant/inchoate.html (accessed 18 August 2000)], 9; and, J. Vaughan, T. Sewards and R. Kelso, Study of the Law of Internet Commercial Transactions: Literature Review (CIRCIT, Melbourne, 1997), p 29.
[8] "... a set of internationally acceptable rules designed to remove a number of legal obstacles to the use of electronic communications for the communication of legally significant information, creating a more secure legal environment for electronic commerce". See Australia, House of Representatives, Electronic Transactions Bill 1999: Explanatory Memorandum (1999), p 1.
[9] Gamertsfelder (n 4), 572. See United Nations, United Nations Commission on International Trade Law, UNCITRAL Report on Electronic Data Interchange: Preliminary Study of Legal Issues related to the Formation of Contracts by Electronic Means (18 May 1990) and B. Wright and J.K. Winn, The Law of Electronic Commerce: EDI, Fax, and E-Mail: Technology, Proof and Liability (Aspen Law and Business, New York, 1998).
[10] R.A. Brown, The Laws of Australia (The Law Book Co, Sydney, 1996), 16.6.
[11] Gamertsfelser (n 4), 575.
[12] Gamertsfelser (n 4), 575.
[13] (1996) 186 CLR 140, 200. See Theophanus v Herald & Weekly Times (1994) 182 CLR 104, 173 and Street v Queensland Bar Association (1989) 168 CLR 461, 537 (per Dawson J).
[14] See C.N. Faerber, "Book versus Byte: The Prospects and Desirability of a Paperless Society", (Spring 1999) 17 John Marshall Journal of Computer and Information Law, 797.
[15] Australia, House of Representatives, Electronic Transactions Bill 1999: Explanatory Memorandum (1999), p 8.
[16] Australia, House of Representatives, Electronic Transactions Bill 1999: Explanatory Memorandum (1999), p 8.
[17] Australia, House of Representatives, Electronic Transactions Bill 1999: Explanatory Memorandum (1999), p 9.
[18] Australia, House of Representatives, Electronic Transactions Bill 1999: Explanatory Memorandum (1999), p 9.
[19] J.A. Newell and M.R. Gordon, "Electronic Commerce and Negotiable Instruments (Electronic Promissory Notes)", (1995) 31 Idaho Law Review, 819.
[20] Gamertsfelder (n 4), 576.