[1] UNESCO Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights http://www.unesco.org/ibc/uk/genome/projet/index.html
[2] Billings PR (1992), " The Scientific Basis Of The 'Genetic Revolution' : A Selective Review" in The Genome, Ethics and the Law : Issues In Genetic Testing 23, 26.
[3] The Genetic Non-Discrimination and Privacy Bill, 1998, First Reading Speech. http://search.aph.gov.au/search/ParlInfo.ASP?action=browse&Path=Legislation/Current+Bills+by+Title/Genetic+Privacy+and+Non-discrimination+Bill+1998&Start=3&crVstulic72_text.html#top 12th October 1999.
[4] Parliament of Australia : Senate : Genetic Privacy Bill Recommendations, 1st April 1999, 23rd August 1999.
[5] The bill is based on the model genetic privacy act of George Annas, Leonard Glantz and Patricia Roche of Boston University School of Public Health, and the proposed Genetic Confidentiality and Non-discrimination Act 1997 sponsored by US Senators Pete Domenici, Christopher Dodd and James Jeffords and introduced into the US Congress on 11 March 1997.
[6] Stott-Despoja N (1999), Genetic Policy Papers, <http://www.democrats.org.au>, 23rd August 1999.
[7] Kirby MD (1994) , "Man's Freedom and the Human Genome" in The Human Genome Project : Legal Aspects , Vol 1 , Fundacion BBV 265 at 267-8.
[8] Gaulding J (1995), "Race, Sex, and Genetic Discrimination in Insurance : What's Fair?", 80 Cornell Law Review 1646-1694 at 1664.
[9] Brown ME (1991), " Insurers and Genetic Testing :Shopping For That Perfect Pair Of Genes", 40 Drake Law Review 121-148 at 123.
[10] ibid. at 123.
[11] Heerey J in the Federal Court case of Genetics Institute, Inc v Kirin-Amgen (1998) AIPC 91-429.
[12] Gaulding (1995) op cit at 1664.
[13] The Genetic Non-Discrimination and Privacy Bill, 1998, First Reading Speech. 12th October 1999.
[14] Brown (1991) op cit at 123.
[15] Shulman S (1995), "Preventing Genetic Discrimination", 98 Technology Review 5, at 16(3).
[16] "Genetic Testing - The Privacy Issues", (1996) 3 Privacy Law and Policy Reporter 85 at 85.
[17] ibid. at 85.
[18] Meaning of Discrimination, Australian and New Zealand Equal Opportunity and Practice, CCH 1999, 5135-6. Extracted from A. Parashar (ed.) LAW 411 Discrimination and the Law Unit Materials, Volume 2, 1999, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia at 1.
[19] Sternberg S (1996), "Genetic Discrimination : A Prejudice Is Born", 150 Science News 17 at 262.
[20] ibid. at 262.
[21] Chapter 4, Paragraph 4.52 in, Parliament of Australia : Senate : Genetic Privacy Bill Recommendations, 1st April 1999; 23rd August 1999.
[22] Griffin M (1996), " Genetics : The New Legal Frontier" , 31 Australian Lawyer 8, September 1996.
[23] Stott-Despoja N (1999), Genetic Policy Papers, <http://www.democrats.org.au>, 23rd August 1999.
[24] Taylor S (1998), "A Case Study Of Genetic Discrimination : Social Work and Advocacy Within A New Context", 51 Australian Social Work 4, 51-57.
[25] Brown (1991) op cit at 123.
[26] Taylor (1998) op cit at 52.
[27] ibid. at 53.
[28] ibid. at 55.
[29] ibid. at 55.
[30] Billings (1992) op cit at 23.
[31] Saucer C (1997) , "Do the Right Thing - Laws Designed To End Prejudices In Insurance", 98 Best's Review - Property Casualty Insurance Edition 7, Nov 1997, at 108(3).
[32] Australian and New Zealand Equal Opportunity and Practice, CCH 1999, 5135-6.
[33] Leeb-du Toit R (1998), "Genetic Databanks For The People", Law and Technology , September 1998, 3-4 at 4.
[34] UNESCO, Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights, 1997. <http://www.unesco.org/ibc/uk/genome/projet/index.html> , 21st August 1999.
[35] The Genetic Non-Discrimination and Privacy Bill, 1998, First Reading Speech; 12th October 1999.
[36] ibid. , The Genetic Non-Discrimination and Privacy Bill 1998, First Reading Speech.
[37] ibid. , The Genetic Non-Discrimination and Privacy Bill 1998, First Reading Speech.
[38] Leeb-du Toit (1998) op cit at 4.
[39] ibid. at 4.
[40] Beckwith J and Alper S, (1998), " Reconsidering Genetic Discrimination Legislation", 26 Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 3 at 205.
[41] Kaveny MC (1999), "Jurisprudence and Genetics", 60 Theological Studies 1 at 135.
[42] ibid. at 135.
[43] Cotterrell R (1984) , The Sociology of Law: An Introduction, Butterworths, 1984, 74-76, 104-125.
[44] Shulman (1995) op cit at 16(3)
[45] Low L, King S, and Wilkie T (1998), "Genetic Discrimination in Life Insurance : Empirical Evidence From A Cross-Sectional Survey of Genetic Support Groups in the United Kingdom", 317 British Medical Journal 1632-1635. Obtained from the eBMJ website : <http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/317/7173/1632>, 21st August 1999.
[46] ibid.
[47] Chapter 4, Paragraph 4.55 in, Parliament of Australia : Senate : Genetic Privacy Bill Recommendations, 1st April 1999.
[48] Brown M (1991) op cit at 130.
[49] Gaulding (1995) op cit at 1651.
[50] ibid. at 1651.
[51] Adverse selection refers to a situation where those who expect their losses to be lower than the losses of others in an insurance pool will tend to leave the pool or refrain from joining it, while insureds who expect higher losses will tend to remain in the pool or join it in greater numbers.
[52] Gaulding (1995) op cit at 1666.
[53] Richards T (1996), "End To Insurers Using Genetic Data Urged", 313 British Medical Journal 7061 (Oct 5 , 1996) at 838(1).
[54] Brown (1991) op cit at 145.
[55] Richards (1996) op cit at 838(1).
[56] Shulman (1995) op cit at 16(3).
[57] Sternberg (1996) op cit at 262.
[58] Brown (1991) op cit at 135-136.
[59] Australian and New Zealand Equal Opportunity and Practice, CCH 1999, 5135-6.
[60] Gaulding (1995) op cit at 1658.
[61] Chapter 4, Paragraph 4.55 in, Parliament of Australia : Senate : Genetic Privacy Bill Recommendations, 1st April 1999.
[62] ibid. Chapter 4, Paragraph 4.55.
[63] The Genetic Non-Discrimination and Privacy Bill, 1998, First Reading Speech.
[64] This case has been discussed at length in : Lin M (1996), "Conferring A Federal Property Right In Genetic Material : Stepping Into the Future With the Genetic Privacy Act", 22 American Journal of Law and Medicine 1, 109-134.
[65] ibid. at 116.
[66] ibid. at 118.
[67] ibid. at 109.
[68] ibid. at 121.
[69] Charatan F (1996) " New Jersey Passes Genetic Privacy Bill", 313 British Medical Journal 73. Obtained from the website <http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/313/7049/71>, 21st August 1999.
[70] Lin (1996) op cit at 129.
[71] Chapter 4, Paragraph 4.34, in, Parliament of Australia : Senate : Genetic Privacy Bill Recommendations, 1st April 1999.
[72] "Genetic Testing - The Privacy Issues", (1996) 3 Privacy Law and Policy Reporter 85 at 85.
[73] Stott-Despoja N (1999), Genetic Policy Papers, <http://www.democrats.org.au>, 23rd August 1999.
[74] The Genetic Non-Discrimination and Privacy Bill, 1998, First Reading Speech.
[75] ibid.
[76] Vandervelde K (1980), " The New Property of the Nineteenth Century : The Development of the Modern Concept of Property" 29 Buffalo Law Review 325 at 326.
[77] Wersz DC et al (eds.), (1995) , Guidelines on Ethical Issues in Medical Genetics and the Provision of Genetic Services, World Health Organisation at 7.2.2.