[1] See M.C. Bassiouni, Crimes Against Humanity in International Criminal Law, 1999.
[2] PCIJ Series A/B N° 65, at pp. 52-53, reproduced in Bassiouni, supra note 1, at pp. 138-140.
[3] E. Schwelb, "Crimes against humanity", British Yearbook of International Law, vol. 23, no. 8, 1949, p. 181.
[4] Charter of the International Military Tribunal, article 6, annexed to the Agreement for the Prosecution and Punishment of the Major War Criminals of the European Axis, Aug. 8, 1945, 59 Stat. 1544, 82 U.N.T.S. 279.
[5] 22 Trial of the Major War Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal 461 (1949), quoted in Bassiouni, Crimes Against Humanity in International Criminal Law, 1992, at 120.
[6] Preamble, Hague Convention No. IV, Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, 1907.
[7] See Schwelb, supra note 3.
[8] The Commission was established to inquire into the responsibilities of the German Empire and its Allies under international law for acts committed during World War I.
[9] See Bassiouni ,supra note 5.
[10] D. Orentlicher, "Settling Accounts: The Duty to Prosecute Human Rights Violations of a Prior Regime", 100 Yale L.J. 2537, 2540 n.5 (1991).
[11] See Bassiouni, supra note 5, at 35.
[12] History of the United Nations War Crimes Commission and the Development of the Laws of War compiled by the United Nations War Crimes Commission (1948), reprinted in Bassiouni, supra note 5, at 570.
[13] However it retained the restriction for persecution.
[14] Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity, 754 U.N.T.S. 73.
[15] Convention on the Prevention and the Suppression of the Crime of Genocide, Dec. 9 1948, 78 UNTS 277; Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid, Nov. 30 1973, 10
[15] UNTS 243; Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, GA Res. 47/133, United Nations GAOR, 47th Sess., Supp. N° 49, at 207, UN Doc. A/47/49 (1992).
[16] Created by the Security Council acting pursuant to Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter. Respectively SC Res. 827 (May 25 1993) and SC Res. 955 (Nov. 8 1994).
[17] Rome Statute of the ICC adopted on July
[17] 1998 at the United Nations Diplomatic Conference on the Establishment of an ICC, available at <http://www.un.org/law/icc/index.html>, and reprinted in 37 ILM 999 (1998).
[18] Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction, Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-AR72, 2 October 1995, para. 141.
[19] Tadic, Appeals Chamber Judgement, 15 July 1999, at para. 305.
[20] Para. 48.
[21] W.J. Fenrick, "Should Crimes Against Humanity Replace War Crimes?", 37 Columbia J. Trans. L. 767 (1999), at p. 777.
[22] The Prosecutor v. Akayesu, Case N° ICTR-96-4-T, Sept. 2 1998.
[23] Tadic, Trial Chamber Judgement, 7 May 1997, at para. 647.
[24] Report of the Committee on the Establishment of a Permanent International Criminal, U.N. Doc. G.A.O.R. A/50/22 (1995) at 17.
[25] I.L.C. Draft Code.
[26] See Bassiouni, supra note 5, at pp. 756-766.
[27] Fédération Nationale des Déportés et Internés résidents et Patriotes et autres v. Barbie, Cass. Crim., Dec. 20 1985, Bull. Crim., N°407, at 1053.
[28] Touvier, Cass. Crim., Nov. 27 1992, Bull. Crim., N°394, at 1085.
[29] Public Prosecutor v. Menten, 75 ILR 362, 362-363.
[30] Regina v. Finta, (1994) 1 S.C.R. 701, 814.
[31] Tadic, Trial Chamber Judgement, 7 May 1997, at para. 654.
[32] Ibid. at para. 654-655.
[33] Ibid. at para. 653.
[34] Ibid. at para. 638-642.
[35] Prosecutor v. Kupreskic, Jan. 14th 2000, Case No.:IT-95-16-T. Available at <http://www.un.org/icty/kupreskic/trialc2/judgement/index.htm>, accessed Jan. 14th 2000.
[36] See supra note 31, at para. 656-660.
[37] Para. 133-134. Cited in Prosecutor v. Kupreskic, Jan. 14th 2000, at para. 557.
[38] See supra note 15 and text accompanying note.
[39] See supra note 35.
[40] Ibid. at para. 562.
[41] See article 3 common to the four 1949 Geneva Conventions, International Comity of the Red Cross Commentary on the IVth Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in time of War (1958, repr. 1994), p. 39.
[42] See supra note 35, at para. 563.
[43] Ibid. at para. 564.
[44] It also adds "gender".
[45] Brief of the Defendants Zoran Kupreskic and Mirjan Kupreskic on Legal Trial Issues, filed on 19 Nov. 1998, at para. 58; Defence's Closing Brief, filed by counsel for Mirjan Kupreskic, 9 Nov. 1999, p. 91.
[46] See supra note 35, at para. 579.
[47] Tadic, Trial Chamber Judgement, 7 May 1997, at para. 710.
[48] See supra note 45, at para. 55-56.
[49] See supra note 35, at para. 616.
[50] Ibid at para. 617.
[51] Ibid at para. 620.