[1] Drucker E. "Drug Prohibition and Public Health: It's a Crime." (1995)29-30 Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology,(Special Supplementary Issue) 67-73.
[2] Singapore Anti-Narcotics Association. 25 Years of Service to the Community. Singapore, Singapore Anti-Narcotics Association, 1998, 42.
[3] Western Australia, Parliament, Legislative Assembly, Select Committee Into the Misuse of Drugs Act 1981. Interim report. Taking the Profit out of Drug Trafficking. An Agenda for Legal and Administrative Reforms in Western Australia to Protect the Community from Illicit Drugs. Perth, State Law Publisher, 1997, 12.
[4] Musto DF. "Opium, Cocaine and Marijuana in American History." (1991) 265 Scientific American 20-27.
[5] United Nations International Drug Control Program. World Drug Report. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1997, p.124.
[6] United Nations, International Narcotics Control Board. Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 1995. Geneva, International Narcotics Control Board, 1996, paras 269-70.
[7] Buyun L. "The Rule of Law in China: Ideal and Reality." Centre for Asian and Pacific Law Newsletter, July 1997, 3, 5.
[8] Chiu H. China's New Criminal and Criminal Procedure Codes, Baltimore, School of Law, University of Maryland, 1980, p.13, for a report by a Harvard academic that the PRC would need 200,000 legal practitioners following promulgation of the 1980 Criminal and Criminal Procedure Codes; Crime and Justice International Online. 'China: Lawyers Gain Independence', [http://www.acsp.uic.edu/oicj/pubs/cji/120511.htm] which reported that China's first Lawyers Law was approved on 15 May 1996 and was due to be promulgated on 1 January 1997, with the result that legal practitioners can be engaged by citizens as well as by corporations, to undertake civil, administrative or criminal matters.
[9] Adapted from Lo CW. China's Legal Awakening: Legal Theory and Criminal Justice in Deng's Era, Hong Kong, Hong Kong University Press, 1995, vii.
[10] Chiu, H. op cit, 1
[11] Tay AES. Law in China: Imperial, Republican, Communist. Sydney, Centre for Asian Studies, University of Sydney, 1986.
[12] Lo CW. op cit, 28.
[13] Liu W, Situ Y, Stockton R. "China: The Causes, Control and Treatment of Illegal Drugs". Crime and Justice International Online,1
[14] Epstein EJ, Wong SH. "The Concept of Dangerousness in the People's Republic of China and its Impact on the Treatment of Prisoners." (1996) 36 British Journal of Criminology 472.
[15] Ye TX. A leaf in the Bitter Wind: A Memoir. Ringwood, Penguin, 1997 for an account of the severe regime in these types of labour camps.
[16] United States, State Department. Country Report China. [http://www.state.gov/www/global/narcotics_law/1998_narc_report/major/China.html].
[17] Amnesty International. People's Republic of China. At least 1000 people executed in 'Strike Hard' campaign against crime, AI Index ASA 17/72/96 [http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aipub/1996/ASA/31707296.htm].
[18] Ibid.
[19] Abdullah HS. "The Relevance of Notions of the Rule of Law to the Ethnic Groups of Malaysia". In European Committee for Human Rights in Malaysia and Singapore (eds), The rule of law and human rights in Malaysia and Singapore. Selangor, Malaysia, Forum Publications, 1990.
[20] United States, State Department. Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1989, Report Submitted to Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives and Committee on Foreign Relations, Senate, US Government Printing Office, 1990. Cf European Committee for Human Rights in Malaysia and Singapore (eds), The rule of law and human rights in Malaysia and Singapore. Selangor, Malaysia, Forum Publications, 1990; Asia Watch Committee, Silencing all Critics: Human Rights Violations in Singapore, Asia Watch, NY, 1989; Yee CW, Ho TWM, Seng KBD, "Judicial review of preventive detention under the Internal Security Act - a summary of developments". (1989) 10 Singapore Law Review 66-103.
[21] Abdullah HS. "The Relevance of Notions of the Rule of Law to the Ethnic Groups of Malaysia". In European Committee for Human Rights in Malaysia and Singapore (eds), The rule of law and human rights in Malaysia and Singapore. Selangor, Malaysia, Forum Publications, 1990.
[22] Asia Watch Committee, Silencing all Critics: Human Rights Violations in Singapore. Asia Watch, NY, 1989, 13.
[23] Jeyaretnam JB. "The Rule of Law in Singapore". In European Committee for Human Rights in Malaysia and Singapore (eds), The Rule of Law and Human Rights in Malaysia and Singapore. Selangor, Malaysia, Forum Publications, 1990, 37-8.
[24] United States, State Department. Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1989, Report Submitted to Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives and Committee on Foreign Relations, Senate, US Government Printing Office, 1990, 972.
[25] Singapore, Ministry of Home Affairs, Singapore Prisons Department. Rehabilitating lives. Overview of our rehabilitation programs. Ministry of Home Affairs, 1996 [http://www.mha.gov.sg/sps/drurehab.html].
[26] Singapore, Ministry of Home Affairs, Singapore Prisons Department. Dare to Strike: 25 Years of the Central Narcotics Bureau, Singapore, Ministry of Home Affairs, 1996, 17.
[27] Id, 22.
[28] Associated Press, 'Singapore Tightening Penalties For Hard-Core Drug Users' [http://ap.infonautics.com/s/wire/?advSearch=1&SITE=].
[29] National Council Against Drug Abuse, Ministry of Home Affairs, Annual Report 1995/96.
[30] Soe M. Principles of Singapore Law (including Business Law). 2nd ed. Institute of Banking and Finance, Singapore, 1992, 124.
[31] Singapore Anti-Narcotics Association. 25 years of service to the community. Singapore, Singapore Anti-Narcotics Association, 1998, 40.