[1] Gen Resolution 217 A (III).

[2] Many of the provisions of the UDHR have been reaffirmed in other Conventions such as the International Convention on Civil and Political Rights.

[3] Vincent R., Human Rights in International Relations, (1986), p. 21.

[4] Mabuhani K., "Live and Let Live", Far Eastern Economic Review 17 June 1993, p. 26.

[5] Ching F., "Asian View of Human Rights is Beginning to Take Shape", Far Eastern Economic Review, 29 April 1993, p. 27.

[6] "Human Rights Feud Splits Asia", The West Australian, 30 July 1994, p. 23.

[7] Mahbuhani K., op cit.

[8] Speech by Dr Mohamad at Rethinking Human Rights, 6 December 1994 at p. 4 cited in Lee H.P., Constitutional Values in a Turbulent Asia, 14th LAWASIA Biennial Conference, August 16-20 1995, Beijing at p. 3.

[9] An-Na'im A., "Problems of Universal Cultural Legitimacy" in Claude R. & An-Na'im A. (eds), Human Rights in Africa, (1990), p. 339.

[10] Teson F., "International Human Rights and Cultural Relativism" in Claude R. and Weston B. (eds), Human Rights, (1992), p. 42; Beattie J., "Objectivity and Social Anthropology" in Brown S. (ed), Objectivity and Cultural Divergence, (1984), p. 10.

[11] Krausz M., "Introduction" in Krausz M. (ed), Relativism: Interpretation and Confrontation, (1989), p. 1.

[12] An-Na'im A., "Islam, Islamic Law and the Dilemma of Cultural Legitimacy for Universal Human Rights" in Welch C. & Leary V. (eds), Asian Perspectives on Human Rights, (1990), p. 36.

[13] An-Na'im A., op cit.

[14] Teson F., op cit.

[15] Higgins, The Development of International Law Through the Political Organs of the United Nations, (1963), p. 317.

[16] Cumaraswamy P. Changing Individual Expectations - Human Rights and the Law; Expectations of Australia in Asia and the Pacific, 24th Australia Legal Convention, Perth, Western Australia, 1987 at p. 7.

[17] Teson F., op cit, p. 43; Cassese A., Human Rights in a Changing World, (1981), p. 54.

[18] Lee H. P., Constitutional Values in a Turbulent Asia, 14th LAWASIA Biennial Conference, 16 - 20 August 1995, Beijing at pp. 2-3.

[19] Vincent R., op cit, p. 23.

[20] D'Entreves A., The Notion of the State, (1967), p. 105.

[21] Vincent R., op cit, p. 25.

[22] Weston B., "Human Rights: An Overview" in Claude R. & Weston B., op cit, p. 16; Vincent R., op cit, p. 25.

[23] Weston B., ibid, p. 16.

[24] Bentham J., An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation extracted in Harris J., Legal Philosophies, (1980), pp. 36/37.

[25] Weston B., op cit, p. 16.

[26] Weston B., ibid, p. 17; Henkin L., How Nations Behave, (1976), p. 45.

[27] Cheng Tien-Hsi, China Moulded by Confucius, (1946), p. 163 .

[28] Cheng Tien-Hsi, ibid , p. 166.

[29] Li Fu Chen, The Confucian Way, (1922), p. 441.

[30] Li Fu Chen, ibid, p. 444.

[31] Tse-shyang Chen F., "The Confucian View of the World Order", in Janis M. (ed), The Influence of Religion on the Development of International Law, (1988), p. 42.

[32] Reisman M., "Islamic Fundamentalism" in Janis M., ibid., p. 117.

[33] Von Grunebaum G., Islam: Essays in the Nature and Growth of a Cultural Tradition, (1961), p. 127.

[34] Hassan R., "On Human Rights and the Qur'anic Perspective", (1982) 19 Journal of Ecumenical Studies 51, p. 55.

[35] Hassan R., ibid, p. 55/5; Except where an offence against the shari'a is punishable by death; "Take not life which God hath made sacred, except by way of justice and law" (Sura 6: 151)

[36] Hassan R., id, p. 56; For example "O ye who believe! be [sic] steadfast witnesses for Allah in equity, and not let enmity of any people seduce you that ye deal not justly. Deal justly, that is nearer your duty." (Sura 5: 9); Von Grunebaum,.,p. 132.

[37] Hassan R., id, p. 58; "It is not right for Man that God should give him [sic] the Book of Law... and he [sic] should say to his [sic] fellow-beings to obey his [sic] orders rather than those of God." (Sura 3: 79).

[38] Hassan R., id, p. 62; (Sura 11: 6 and Sura 2: 29 respectively).

[39] An-Na'im A., op cit, p. 38.

[40] An-Na'im A., op cit, p. 38.

[41] Teson F., op cit, p. 43.

[42] Donnelly J., "Human Rights and Human Dignity: An Analytic Critique of Non-Western Conceptions of Human Rights", (1982) 76 The American Political Science Review 303.

[43] An-Na'im A., op cit, p. 38.

[44] Donnelly J., "Human Rights and Human Dignity: An Analytic Critique of Non-Western Conceptions of Human Rights", (1982), 76 The American Political Science Review 303, p. 303

[45] Rosenn K., "The Protection of Judicial Independence in Latin America" (1987) 19 University of Miami Inter-American Law Review 1.

[46] Sir Guy Green, "The Rationale and Some Aspects of Judicial Independence", (1985) 59 Australian Law Journal 135.

[47] See also Singvhi Declaration Art. 1.

[48] Beijing Principles Art. 11 (a).

[49] Beijing Principles Art 11 (b).

[50] Beijing Principles Art. 11 (c).

[51] See generally Nicholson, RD Judicial Independence and Accountability: Can they Co-exist? (1994) 67 Australian Law Journal 404 at 410-411.

[52] Nicholson, RD ibid, at 405.

[53] Singhvi, LM Final Report (1985).