[1] 'Editorial. Lest We Starve', No.
2121, New Scientist, 14 February, 1998, 3.
[2] Edwards and Anderson, 'Seeds
of Wrath', Ibid, 14.
[3] Ibid.
[4] See 'About the CGIAR',
http://www.cgiar.org/whatis.htm
[5] See 'Technical Advisory Committee',
http://www.cgiar.org/tacsec.htm.
[6] Ibid.
[7] J.Cohen, C. Falconi, J. Komen
and M. Blakeney, The Use of Proprietary Biotechnology Research Inputs at
Selected CGIAR Centers (The Hague: CGIAR, March 1998).
[8] Cohen, Falconi, Komen and Blakeney,
'Proprietary Biotechnology Inputs and International Agricultural Research',
(May 1998) 39 ISNAR Briefing Paper.
[9] CGIAR Mid-Term Meeting 1998,
Preliminary End of Meeting Report,
http://www.worldbank.org/html/cgiar/publications/mtm98/endofmtg.html.
[10] FAO, 'Global Participation
in the Development of Major Components of the Global System for the Conservation
and Utilization of Plant Genetic resources' (September 1996). See
http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/FaoInfo/Agricult/AGP/AGPS/PGR/global.htm.
[11] Resolutions 4/89 and 5/89
adopted by FAO Conference, 25th Sess., Rome, 11-29 Nov.1989.
[12] Resolution 5/89 ibid.
[13] CGRFA, 'Revision of the Undertaking.
Issues for Consideration in Stage II: Access to Plant Genetic Resources
and Farmers' Rights', http://web.icppgr.fao.org/cpgr6.1/CPGR6.1-6.html.
[14] See http://web.icppgr.fao.org/cpgr/cpgr6.1/e/CPGR6.1-6.html.
[15] See FAO, Report of the Fifth
Extraordinary Session of the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and
Agriculture, Rome, 8-12 June, 1998.
[16] Ibid., para.33.
[17] Ibid., para.16.
[18] 'Repeat the Term', (July,
1998) 5(2) RAFI Occasional Paper Series http://www.rafi.ca/papers/op52.html.
[19] See also Blakeney, 'Access
to Genetic Resources: The View from the South' [1997] 3 Bio-Science Law
Rev. 94.
[20] Ibid.
[21] Ibid.
[22] FAO, Progress Report on the
FAO Global System for the Conservation and Utilization of Plant Genetic
Resources for Food and Agriculture, UNEP/CBD/COP/3/15, [Internet] URL:
http://web.icppgr.fao.org/CPGR/COP/cop3gs.html.
[23] Ibid. para.6.
[24] FAO Doc. ITCPGR/96/REP, Rome
1996, http://web.icppgr.fao.org/ITCPGR/FINAL/E/Ann2.html
[25] See Meyers, 'An EIA for Rio:
Assessing the Environmental Impacts of the United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development', (1994) 1(2) The Australasian Journal of Natural
Resources Law and Policy 1 at 15.
[26] See F.McConnell, The Biodiversity
Convention. A Negotiating History, London, The Hague, Boston, Kluwer, 1996.
[27] See J.H.Barton and W.E.Siebeck,
Material Transfer Agreements in Genetic Resources Exchange- The Case of
the International Agricultural Research Centres, Rome: IPGRI, 1994, 27.
[28] See McConnell, n.28, supra.
[29] National Strategy for Ecologically
Sustainable Development, December 1992, 4.
[30] House of Representatives
Standing Committee on Environment, Recreation and the Arts, Biodiversity.
The Role of Protected Areas (Canberra: AGPS, January 1993), para.4.70.
[31] Ibid., para.4.72.
[32] Department of the Prime Minister
and Cabinet, Office of the Chief Scientist, Access to Australia's Biological
Resources (Canberra: AGPS, March 1994), 31.
[33] Ibid.
[34] Ibid., 32
[35] Commonwealth-State Working
Group on Access to Australia's Biological Resources, Managing Access to
Australia's Biological Resources: Developing a Nationally Consistent Approach
(Canberra: AGPS, 1998), 13.
[36] Ibid.
[37] Ibid., 14.
[38] Ibid, 17-18.
[39] Ibid., 19.
[40] Ibid., 27.
[41] Sen. The Hon. Robert Hill,
Commonwealth Minister for the Environment, Reform of Commonwealth Environment
Legislation (Canberra, 1998), 3.
[42] Sen the Hon Robert Hill,
Environmental Law Reform - A New Era, Media Release, 25 Feb. 1998, http://www.environment.gov.au/portfolio/minister/env/98/mr25feb298.html.
[43] Note.44 supra at 32.
[44] The Australian Conservation
Foundation and Others, Submission, 23 March 1998, http://www.internetnorth.com.au/edo/edonsw/policy/cthlawref.htm.
[45] Ibid., ch.3.12.
[46] See M. Blakeney, Legal Aspects
f the Transfer of Technology to Developing Countries, Oxford: ESC, 1989.
98ff.
[47] See Blakeney, 'Intellectual
Property in World Trade' [1995] 1 International Trade Law & Regulation
76.
[48] See M. Blakeney, Trade Related
Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights: A Concise Guide to the TRIPs Agreement,
London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1996.
[49] The scope of these rights
is defined in Art.14 of the UPOV Convention, to include the authorization
of the production, conditioning for propagation, sale, export, import or
stocking of the variety for these purposes.
[50] FAO Commission on Plant Genetic
Resources, Legal Status of Base and Active Collections of Plant Genetic
Resources, Doc. CPGR/87/5, Dec.1986.
[51] TAC, CGIAR Policy on Plant
Genetic Resources, TAC Doc. AGR/TAC:IAR/88/4 Feb.1988.
[52] Barton and Siebeck, n.29
supra, 32.,
[53] CGIAR Press Release 'CGIAR
Urges Halt to Granting of Intellectual property Rights for Designated Plant
Germplasm', Feb. 11, 1998,
http://www.cgiar.org/germrel.htm.
[54] See 23 International Legal
Materials 1388 (1984).
[55] In 1995 the Commission was
renamed as the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
(CGRFA).
[56] See Edwards and Anderson,
n.2 supra, 15.
[57] IRRI, Policy on Intellectual
Property Rights, IRRI, Manilla, 1995, 5.
[58] Ibid.
[ 59] Ibid., 6.