[1] Daes, Erica-Irene, Discrimination Against Indigenous Peoples: Protection of the Heritage of Indigenous People, Final Report, United Nations Economic and Social Council, E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/26, 21 June 1995, p 10, paras 11 & 12.

[2] ATSIC, National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Cultural Industry Strategy, prepared by Focus with assistance from Sharon Boil & Associates, February 1997, cited in Terri Janke, Our Culture, Our Future: Proposals for the Recognition and Protection of Indigenous Cultural and Intellectual Property, (Surry Hills, NSW: Michael Frankel & Company, Solicitors, 1997), at 26.

[3] Puri, Kamal, "Cultural Ownership and Intellectual Property Rights Post-Mabo: Putting Ideas into Action" (1995) Intellectual Property Journal, 293, at 310.

[4] Australian Copyright Council, Protecting Indigenous Intellectual Property: A Copyright Perspective (March, 1997), at 38.

[5] Above.

[6] Puri, above note 3.

[7] Above.

[8] Tim Johns, "Reappropriation", in Sue Cramer (ed), Postmodernism: A Consideration of the Appropriation of Aboriginal Imagery, Forum Papers (1989), at 9, cited in Australian Copyright Council, above note 4.

[9] Australian Copyright Council, above note 4, at 43.

[10] Golvan, Colin, "Aboriginal Art and the Protection of Indigenous Cultural Rights", (1992) 7 European Intellectual Property Review, 227, at 230.

[11] Golvan, above; Puri, above, note 3, at 308.

[12] (1991) 21 IPR 481.

[13] Above, at 490.

[14] (1994) 30 IPR 209.

[15] Above, at 239.

[16] Puri, above note 3, at 311.

[17] Sims, Charlotte, "Aboriginal Intellectual Property Rights - A Culture Needing Protection", (Unpublished Masters Paper, Murdoch University, 1997), at 7.

[18] Puri, above note 3, at 313; Sims, above.

[19] Sims, above note 17.

[20] Attorney General's Department, WIPO-Australia Copyright Program for Asia and the Pacific (Canberra: AGPS, 1987), 222, cited in Sims, above note 17.

[21] Puri, above note 3, at 314; Australian Copyright Council, above note 4, at 40)

[22] Gray, Stephen, "Aboriginal Designs and Copyright: Can the Australian Common Law expand to meet Aboriginal Demands?", (1991) 9 (4) Copyright Reporter, 8, at 15.

[23] He refers to Bulun Bulun v Nejlam Pty Ltd, Federal Court of Darwin, unreported, 1989, and Yumbulul, above note 12. Originality of artworks has not been a disputed issue in subsequent cases.

[24] Above, note 22.

[25] Above.

[26] Above.

[27] Puri, above note 3, at 315.

[28] Above.

[29] Above.

[30] Gray, above note 22

[31] Puri, above note 27.

[32] Puri, above note 2, at 316.

[33] Janke, Terri, Principal Consultant, Michael Frankel & Company Solicitors, Our Culture, Our Future: Proposals for the Recognition and Protection of Indigenous Cultural and Intellectual Property, (Sydney: Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, 1997), at 42.

[34] Above, at 42.

[35] UNESCO & WIPO, Model Provisions for National Laws on the Protection of Expressions of Folklore Against Illicit Exploitation and Other Actions, (1985), at 5.

[36] Puri, above note 3, at 318.

[37] Above.

[38] Australian Copyright Council, above note 4, at 41.

[39] Above.

[40] Above.

[41] Puri, above note 3, at 319.

[42] Per French J, at 492, cited in Puri, above, at 319-20, and Australian Copyright Council, above note 4, at 42.

[43] Mabo Fors v State of Queensland (1992) 175 CLR 1.

[44] Gray, above note 22, at 14.

[45] Puri, above note 3, at 323.

[46] Puri, above; Gray, above note 22, at 12.

[47] Above note 43, at 29, referred to in Puri, above note 3, at 324.

[48] Puri above.

[49] Australian Law Reform Commission, The Recognition of Aboriginal Customary Laws, Report No. 31 (Canberra: AGPS, 1986), referred to in Australian Copyright Council, above note 4, at 57.

[50] Australian Copyright Council above.

[51] Above.

[52] Above.

[53] Above.

[54] Above.

[55] Gray, above note 22, at 16.

[56] Coco v Clark (1969) RPC 41 (Ch).

[57] Gray, above note 22, at 18.

[58] Above, at 19.

[59] Above.

[60] Above.

[61] Gray above note 58.

[62] Above note 56, at 48.

[63] Above.

[64] Foster v Mountford (1977) 14 ALR 71.

[65] Above, note 22, at 20.

[66] Australian Copyright Council, above note 4, at 59.

[67] Puri, above note 3, at 326-27.

[68] Australian Copyright Council, above note 4, at 60.

[69] On this particular point the Council referred to the Attorney - General's Department Issues Paper, Stopping The Rip-Offs - Intellectual Property Protection for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders, (Canberra: AGPS, 1994), at 7.

[70] Australian Copyright Council, above note 4, at 61; Puri, above note 3, at 335.

[71] ACC, above, at 61.

[72] Above.

[73] Gray, above note 22, at 16.

[74] Puri, above note 3, at 332.

[75] Attorney - General's Department, above note 69, at 4.

[76] Above.

[77] Puri, above note 3, at 334.

[78] Gray, above note 73.

[79]Our Culture, Our Future, above note 33, at 48.

[80] Above, at 49.

[81] Above.

[82] Preamble to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Amendment Act 1987, see Our Culture, Our Future, above at 49.

[83] Golvan, above note 10, at 230-33.

[84] Above, at 231.

[85] Section 21A of the Act, referred to in Golvan, above.

[86] Our Culture, Our Future, above note 33, at 50.

[87] Above.

[88] Golvan, above note 10.

[89] Above.

[90] Above note 69, at 8.

[91] Above note 4, at 62.

[92] Hon. Elizabeth Evatt AC, "Review of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Act 1984", referred to in Australian Copyright Council, above note 4, at 36-37, and at 62-63.

[93] Above, note 3, at 321.

[94] Annas, M., "The Label of Authenticity: A Certification Trade Mark for Goods and Services of Indigenous Origin", (1997) 3 (90) Aboriginal Law Bulletin, 4.

[95] Annas, above, at 5.

[96] Department of Home Affairs and Environment, Report of the Working Party on the Protection of Aboriginal Folklore (Canberra: AGPS, 1981).

[97] Above, at 4, referred to in Stopping the Rip-Offs, above note 69, at 8, and in Puri, above note 3, at 327.

[98] See the "Introductory Observations" of the Model Provisions, above note 35, para 9.

[99] Above.

[100] Above.

[101] See, commentary in Stopping the Rip-Offs, above note 69, at 12.

[102] Model Provisions, above note 35, para 32.

[103] Australian Copyright Council, above note 4, at 48.

[104] And also a "supervisory authority" in the case of the Model Provisions.

[105] Section 6(3) of the Tunis Model Law and section 9 of the Model Provisions.

[106] Commentary on the Model Provisions, para 49.

[107] Held in Phuket, Thailand from April 8-10, 1997

[108] see note in Industrial Property and Copyright: Monthly Review of the World Intellectual Property Organisation, No. 6 June 1997, at 213 -214.

[109] Above, at 214.

[110] Above.

[111] Preamble, Maatatua Declaration.

[112] Article 1.1.

[113] Article 1.3.

[114] Article 1.6.

[115] Article 1.8.

[116] Article 1.9.

[117] Article 2.1.

[118] Article 2.3.

[119] Article 2.4.

[120] Article 2.5.

[121] Statement by the Asian Consultation Workshop on the Protection of Indigenous Knowledge, (TVRC Tambunan, Sabah East Malaysia, 24 - 25 February 1995).

[122] Above.

[123] "Introduction", An Overview to Biopiracy, Discussion Paper prepared by the Rural Advancement Foundation International (RAFI) for the South Pacific Consultation on Indigenous Peoples' Knowledge and Intellectual Property Rights, (Suva, Fiji, April 24-27, 1995).

[124] "Biopiracy Case Studies", An Overview to Biopiracy, above.

[125] Bio-Piracy Case Study #5, An Overview of Biopiracy, above note 123.

[126] Above.

[127] Above.

[128] Above.

[129] Blakeney, Michael, "Bioprospecting and the Protection of Traditional Medical Knowledge of Indigenous Peoples: An Australian Perspective", (1997) 6 European Intellectual Property Reports, at 298.

[130] Gray, Stephen, "Vampires Round the Campfire: Indigenous Intellectual Property Rights and Patent Laws", (1997) 22 Alternative Law Journal 61.

[131] Christie J, Biodiversity and Intellectual property Rights: Implications for Indigenous Peoples', note 1 and 5 of Gray, above, at 61.

[132] National Research Development Corporation v Commissioner of Patents (1990) 102 CLR 252 cited in Gray above.

[133] Gray, above at 61.

[134] Section 18 (1) (b) of Patents Act 1990 (Cth)

[135] Gray, above, at 62.

[136] Our Culture, Our Future, above note 33, at 45

[137] Gray, above at 62.

[138] Above.

[139] Our Culture, Our Future, above note 33, at 46.

[140] Above.

[141] Above.

[142] Blakeney, Michael, "Bioprospecting and the Protection of Traditional Medical Knowledge of Indigenous Peoples: An Australian Perspective", (1997) 6 European Intellectual Property Reporter, 298, at 300-303.

[143] Earth Summit , convened in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992 by the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED).

[144] International Labour Organisation, Convention No. 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries.

[145] Article 15 of the ILO Convention No. 169; Principle 22 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development and Chapter 26 of Agenda 21 both proclaimed at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit; Article 8(j) of the Convention on Biological Diversity, see Blakeney, above, at 300.

[146] Above.

[147] For a more detailed discussion of the various instruments see Blakeney, above, at 301 - 302.

[148] Article 2.7, see Blakeney above note 147, at 301.

[149] Article 2.8, Blakeney above.

[150] Article 2.9, Blakeney above, at 302.

[151] Blakeney above.

[152] Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, Office of the Chief Scientist, Access to Australia's Biological Resources, (Canberra: AGPS, March 1994), at 31, quoted in Blakeney, above, at 303.

[153] Australian Copyright Council, above note 68.

[154] Our Culture, Our Future, above note 33, at 71.

[155] Above.

[156] Above, at 62.

[157] Daes, Erica-Irene, UN Special Rapporteur, Protection of the Heritage of Indigenous People, Final Report, E/CN.4/Sub.2/1994/26, 21 June 1995.

[158]Our Culture, Our Future, above, at 64.

[159] Above.

[160] Above, at 73.

[161] Above.

[162] Above, note 162, at 10 - 15.

[163] Above, at 10-11.

[164] Above, at 11.

[165] Above, at 12.

[166] Above, at 13.

[167] Above, at 14.

[168] Council of Australian Museums Associations, Previous Possessions: New Obligations: Policies for Museums in Australia and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, 1993.

[169] ATSIC, Draft National Policy for the Return of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Cultural Property, 1993.

[170] Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Arts Board, National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Arts Policy Priorities.

[171] Daes, above note 157, at 14; Our Culture, Our Future, above note 33, at 91.

[172]Our Culture, Our Future, at 91.

[173] Daes, Erica-Irene, Study on the Protection of the Cultural and Intellectual Property of Indigenous Peoples, above note 157, at 7-8.