[1] ‘PM gives $232m for the 'fight of our lives', The Age, 6 May 2004.
[2] John Howard, Speech at the opening of the National Threat Assessment Centre, 5 May 2004, http://www.pm.gov.au/news/speeches/speech844.html (accessed 6 May 2004)
[3] R. Ruddock, ‘A New Framework: Counter Terrorism and the Rule of Law’, Address to the Sydney Institute, 20 April 2004 <http://152.91.12/www/MinisterRuddockHome.nsf/Alldocs/RWPB046617DB0869> (accessed 29 June 2004).
[4] Thus, in the January 2003 National Press Club Australia Day address, entitled ‘Australian Values and the War against Terrorism’, Professor George Williams stated: ‘New laws must strike a balance between defence and national security on the one hand, and important public values and fundamental democratic rights on the other’. http://www.unsw.edu.au/news/adv/articles/2003/jan/George_Williams_National_Press_Club.html (accessed 15 September 2004).
[5] W. Blackstone, Commentaries 3:129-137 and the Habeas Corpus Act 1679 (UK).
[6] Rasul v Bush; Al Odah v United States (2004) 542 U.S. (Cases no. 03-343, 03-334)
[7] Quoting Jackson J in Shaughnessy v. United States ex rel. Mezei, 345 U.S. 206, 218—219 (1953) (dissenting opinion).
[8] B. Graham & J. Nussbaum, Intelligence Matters: The CIA, the FBI, Saudi Arabia, and the Failure of America’s War on Terror, Random House 2004; C. Unger, House of Saud, House of Bush: The Secret Relationship Between the World’s Two Most Powerful Dynasties, Scribner, 2004. The report of the US national commission investigating the terrorist attacks of September 11 was filled with criticisms of the Bush and Clinton administrations and the performance of the government agencies responsible for intelligence, national security and emergency response. But the commission attributed all of these failures to incompetence, mismanagement, or ‘failure of imagination.’ The fundamental premise of its investigation was that the CIA, the FBI, the US military and the Bush White House all acted in good faith. The report thus excluded, a priori, the most important question raised by the events of 9/11: did US government agencies deliberately permit—or actively assist—the carrying out of this terrorist atrocity, in order to provide the Bush administration with the necessary pretext to carry out its program of war in Central Asia and the Middle East and a huge buildup of the forces of state repression at home. See The 9/11 Commission Report, Government Printing Office, Washington, 2004.
[9] A. Bacevich, American Empire: The Realities and Consequences of US Diplomacy, Harvard University Press, 2002; N. Beams, ‘The political economy of American militarism’, World Socialist Web Site, 10 July 2003 < http://www.wsws.org/articles/2003/jul2003/nb1-j10.shtml> (accessed 21 September 2004).
[10] M Head, ‘'Counter-terrorism' laws: a threat to political freedom, civil liberties and constitutional rights’, (2002) 26 Melbourne University Law Review 266; M. Head, ‘Another threat to democratic rights: ASIO detentions cloaked in secrecy’ (2004) 29 Alternative Law Journal 127.
[11] Submissions to the Senate Legal and Constitutional Committee for the Committee's Inquiry into the Security Legislation Amendment (Terrorism) Bill and Related Bills, Vol. 1, pp. 157-65 and Commonwealth, Parliamentary Debates, Senate Legal and Constitutional Committee, Reference: Security Legislation Amendment (Terrorism) Bill and related bills, 17 April 2002, pp. 82ff and 18 April 2002, pp. 95ff.
[12] N. Hancock, Terrorism and the Law in Australia: Legislation, Commentary and Constraints, Parliament of Australia, Department of Parliamentary Library, Research Paper No.
[12] 2001-2002.
[13] See generally, Australian Security Intelligence Organisation Act 1979 (Cth).
[14] J. Hocking, Beyond Terrorism, The Development of the Australian Security State, Allen & Unwin, Sydney 1993, Chapter 8.
[15] H. Lee, P. Hanks, V. Morabito, In the Name of National Security, The Legal Dimensions, LBC, Sydney, 1995, Chapter Three.
[16] M Head, op cit, n 10.
[17] Australian Security Intelligence Organisation Act 1979 (Cth) (ASIO Act) ss. 34A to 34Y.
[18] ASIO Act s. 34C.
[19] ASIO Act s. 34L.
[20] ASIO Act s. 34TA.
[21] ASIO Act ss. 34TB, 34U.
[22] ASIO Act s. 34C.
[23] ASIO Act s. 34K.
[24] ASIO Act ss. 34B and 34DA.
[25] M. Chaaya, 'The Right to Silence Reignited: Vulnerable Suspects, Police Questioning and Law and Order in NSW,' (1998) 22 Criminal Law Journal 82. On police 'verballing' and video-taping in general see Brown, Neal, Farrier & Weisbrot, Criminal Laws, Sydney, The Federation Press, 2nd ed, 1996, 203-34.
[26] Williams v R (1986) 66 ALR 385.
[27] S. Bronitt and M. Ayers, 'Criminal law and human rights,' in D Kinley (ed), Human Rights in Australian Law, Sydney, The Federation Press, 1998.
[28] Chu Kheng Lim v Minister for Immigration (1992) 176 CLR 1.
[29] M Head, ‘'Counter-terrorism' laws: a threat to political freedom, civil liberties and constitutional rights’, (2002) 26 Melbourne University Law Review 266.
[30] The ASIO Amendment Legislation Act 2003 repealed the relevant provisions of the ASIO Act—s. 34U (7), (8), (9), (10) and (11) and s. 34V (4), (5) and (6)—and replaced them by s. 34VAA.
[31] ASIO Act s. 34VAA (5).
[32] Ibid.
[33] ‘Claims ASIO bill will gag the press’, The Age, 3 December 2003.
[34] ASIO Act s. 92(1).
[35] This record has been documented in several works and official inquiries. See, for example, D McKnight, Australia's Spies and their Secrets, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1994, R Hall, The Secret State, Cassell Australia, Sydney, 1978, F. Cain, The Origins of Political Surveillance in Australia, Angus & Robertson, Sydney, 1983, F Cain, ASIO, an Unofficial History, Melbourne, Spectrum, 1994, J Hocking, Beyond Terrorism, The Development of the Australian Security State, Allen & Unwin, Sydney 1993, Commonwealth of Australia, Royal Commission on Intelligence and Security: Fourth Report, volumes 1 and 2, AGPS, Canberra, 1977.
[36] [1982] 154 CLR 25.
[37] (1984) 156 CLR 532.
[38] Lee, Hanks, Morabito, op cit, pp. 36-39. For the text of the Memorandum, see 'About ASIO' on the ASIO web site, http://www.asio.gov.au [accessed 8 November 2002]
[39] Cain, op cit, p. 59.
[40] McKnight, op cit, p.19.
[41] K. Lindsay, The Australian Constitution in Context, LBC, Sydney, 1999, p.72-76. For the political and social context of the Communist Party case, see G. Winterton, 'The Significance of the Communist Party Case,' (1992) 18 Melbourne University Law Review, pp. 630-58.
[42] McKnight, op cit, p. 63.
[43] Ibid, pp. 60, 88.
[44] Cain, op cit, pp. 252-56.
[45] ASIO Act 1956, section 2.
[46] Lee et al, op cit, pp. 22-28.
[47] McKnight, op cit, p.
[48] Cain, op cit, pp. 107-8.
[49] R. Hope, Royal Commission on Australia's Security and Intelligence Agencies, Report on the Australian Security Intelligence Organization, December 1984, AGPS, Canberra, 1985, para. 7.39.
[50] Hall, op cit, p. 2.
[51] W. Blum, Killing Hope, US Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II, Common Courage, Monroe, Maine, 1995, pp. 244-249.
[52] R. Hope, The Royal Commissioner, Intelligence and Security, Fourth Report, Canberra, AGPS, 1977, Vol 1, pp. 70-71.
[53] Ibid, Volume II pp. 150-174.
[54] Ibid, Second Report, pp. 22-61.
[55] For a history of alleged terrorist acts in Australia, see Hocking, op cit.
[56] ASIO Act 1979, Section 4.
[57] Lee et al, op cit, p. 32.
[58] [1982] 154 CLR 25.
[59] 154 CLR 25, 53.
[60] 154 CLR 25, 57.
[61] 154 CLR 25, 60.
[62] Ibid.
[63] 154 CLR 25, 61.
[64] Ibid.
[65] 154 CLR 25, 76.
[66] 154 CLR 25, 76.
[67] (1984) 156 CLR 532.
[68] J. McMillan and N. Williams, ‘Administrative Law and Human Rights’ in D. Kinley (ed) Human Rights in Australian Law, Federation Press, Sydney, 1998, p. 79.
[69] Royal Commission on Australia's Security and Intelligence Agencies: Report on the Sheraton Hotel Incident, Mr Justice Hope, Royal Commissioner, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 1984, p. 18.
[70] (1984) 156 CLR 532, at para. 2.
[71] (1984) 156 CLR 532, per Brennan J at para. 6.
[72] (1984) 156 CLR 532, per Murphy J at para. 3.
[73] (1984) 156 CLR 532, per Gibbs CJ at para. 18.
[74] (1984) 156 CLR 532, at para. 16.
[75] (1984) 156 CLR 532, at para. 19.
[76] (1984) 156 CLR 532, per Mason J at para. 1.
[77] (1984) 156 CLR 532, per Brennan J at para. 8.
[78] P. Grabosky, Wayward Governance: Illegality and its Control in the Public Sector, Canberra, Australian Institute of Criminology, 1989, Chapter 8.
[79] (1984) 58 ALJR 97; (1984) 154 CLR 412.
[80] 154 CLR 412 at 456.
[81] D. Marr, The Ivanov Trail, Nelson, Melbourne, 1984.
[82] Royal Commission on Australia’s Security and Intelligence Agencies, Report on Terms of Reference (C), pp. 104, 212.
[83] IGIS Annual Report 2003-2004, para. 477 http://www.igis.gov.au/fs_igis_ar.html [accessed 9 November 2004].
[84] ASIO Act, Section 8A(1).
[85]
Lee et al, op cit, pp. 46-48.
[86] Police Integrity Commission, Report to Parliament Regarding the Former Special Branch of the New South Wales Police Service, June 1998.