[1] Robert Menzies, Leader of the Opposition, Post and Telegraph, House of Representatives, Second Reading of Genocide Convention Bill 1949 (Cth), 30 June 1949, 1864
[2] Human Rights Equal Opportunity Commission, Bringing them home: National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from Their Families, April 1997, (“Bringing them home”)
[3] See for instance, Buti, T, Masson, T, & Markovich, D, Submission to the Senate Legal and Constitutional References Committee concerning the Stolen Generations Inquiry, August 2000 (unpublished), and Senate Legal and Constitutional References Committee, The Report of the Inquiry into the Federal Government's Implementation of the Recommendations Made by the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission in Bringing Them Home, Healing: A Legacy of Generations, http://www.aph.gov.au/senate/committee/legcon_ctte/stolen/report/contents.htm
[4] Bain Attwood, "The Stolen Generations and genocide: Robert Manne's In Denial: the Stolen Generations and the Right" (2001) 25 Aboriginal History 163
[5] Bringing them home, Chapter 13
[6] Oppenheim states that the language adopted by Article 1, specifying that the convention “confirms” the illegality of genocide, indicates that the crime of genocide existed under customary international law. This will be discussed below. Jennings, R & Watts, A, (ed) Oppenheim’s International Law 9th ed (Harlow, Essex: Longman, 1992), 994
[7] Genocide Convention, Article III
[8] Genocide Convention, Article IV The term “responsible” is used in Article IV
[9] Genocide Convention, Article I
[10] 26 November 1968 (UN GA Res 2391(XXIII)); Australia has not ratified this convention. It is suggested that statutory limitations may be excluded under customary international law. As at 1995, 41 countries have ratified the treaty. In addition, there exists a European equivalent treaty, European Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes, 25 Jan 1974, ETS 82
[11] Genocide is classified as a crime against humanity, (UN GA Res 96, 1946)
[12] Australian Treaty Series No 2, 1951, cited in Flynn, M, “Genocide: It’s a Crime Everywhere But Not in Australia” (2000) 29 Western Australian Law Review 59, 62
[13] Genocide Convention, Article XIII
[14] Case concerning Sovereignty over Certain Frontier Lands ICJ Rep (1959) 229 cited in Jennings, R & Watts, A, (ed) Oppenheim’s International Law 9th ed (Harlow, Essex: Longman, 1992), 1239
[15] Bari Institute of the International Centre for advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies v Jasbez (1977) ILR 77, 602
[16] Jennings, R & Watts, A, (ed) Oppenheim’s International Law 9th ed (Harlow, Essex: Longman, 1992) note 6, 994
[17] Robertson, G, Crimes Against Humanity The Struggle for Global Justice (Ringwood, Victoria: Penguin, 1999) 190
[18] United States of America et al v Goering et al, International Military Tribunal, 30 September – 1 October 1946, 41 American Journal of International Law, (1947) 172, 225, cited in Schabas, WA, “National Courts Finally Begin to Prosecute Genocide, the ‘Crime of Crimes’”, Journal of International Criminal Justice 1 (2003) 39, 41
[19] Jennings, R & Watts, A, (ed) Oppenheim’s International Law 9th ed (Harlow, Essex: Longman, 1992) 996
[20] 26F 3d 1116, 1 July 1994, 65
[21] 1961-2 ILR 36, 5, 34-5
[22] Shaw, MN, International Law, 4th ed (Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 210. See also Vivian, A and Calzada, M, Submission to Australian Senate Inquiry into the Anti-Genocide Bill 1999, unpublished,
[22] February 2000
[23] Ratner, SR, & Abrams, JS, Accountability for Human Rights Atrocities in International Law Beyond the Nuremberg Legacy (Oxford: Clarendon, 1997), 30-1
[24] Storey, M, “Kruger v The Commonwealth: Does Genocide Require Malice?” (1998) 21(1) UNSW Law Journal 224, 228-9
[25] See discussion below
[26] Ratner, SR, & Abrams, JS, Accountability for Human Rights Atrocities in International Law Beyond the Nuremberg Legacy (Oxford: Clarendon, 1997), note 25, 29. See also: Genocide: Draft Convention and Report of the Economic and Social Council, Report of the Sixth Committee, 3 Dec 1948, UN Doc A/760, note 10, 7; Robinson, N, The Genocide Convention: A Commentary (New York: Institute of Jewish Affairs, World Jewish Congress, 1960), note 13, 64-5; Lippman, M, “The Drafting of the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide” (1985) 3 BU Int’l LJ 4, note 2, 44-5 and 58-9
[27] Ratner, SR, & Abrams, JS, Accountability for Human Rights Atrocities in International Law Beyond the Nuremberg Legacy (Oxford: Clarendon, 1997), note 25, 29 citing: Akhavan, Memorandum on Crimes Against Humanity and Genocide, June 14 1994, 78
[28] Storey, M, “Kruger v The Commonwealth: Does Genocide Require Malice?” (1998) 21(1) UNSW Law Journal 224, 229
[29] Laws of Australia HUMAN RIGHTS “International Law” para [14]
[30] Arens, R, “A Lawyer’s Summation” in Arens, R, (ed) Genocide in Paraguay (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986), 132, 137; Beardsley, MC, “Reflections on Genocide and Ethnocide” in Arens, R, (ed) Genocide in Paraguay (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986), 85
[31] Attorney General of the Government of Israel v Eichmann (1961) 36 ILR 5, 238
[32] The Prosecutor v Musema, Alfred, The International Criminal Tribunal of Rwanda, 96-12-A, http://www.ictr.org/ENGLISH/cases/Musema/judgement/3.htm, paragraph 156
[33] Robinson, N, The Genocide Convention: A Commentary (New York: Institute of Jewish Affairs, World Jewish Congress, 1960), note 13, 63-4
[34] The Prosecutor v Musema, Alfred, The International Criminal Tribunal of Rwanda, 96-12-A, http://www.ictr.org/ENGLISH/cases/Musema/judgement/3.htm, paragraph 157
[35] Robinson, N, The Genocide Convention: A Commentary (New York: Institute of Jewish Affairs, World Jewish Congress, 1960), note 13, 64 and The Prosecutor v Musema, Alfred, The International Criminal Tribunal of Rwanda, 96-12-A, http://www.ictr.org/ENGLISH/cases/Musema/judgement/3.htm, paragraph 158
[36] The Prosecutor v Musema, Alfred, The International Criminal Tribunal of Rwanda, 96-12-A, http://www.ictr.org/ENGLISH/cases/Musema/judgement/3.htm, paragraph 158
[37] The Prosecutor v Musema, Alfred, The International Criminal Tribunal of Rwanda, 96-12-A, http://www.ictr.org/ENGLISH/cases/Musema/judgement/3.htm, paragraph 159
[38] Laws of Australia TORT “Defences” para [11]
[39] Laws of Australia TORT “Defences” para [15]
[40] Laws of Australia TORT “Defences” para [16] and [17]
[41] Robinson, F, & York, B, The Black Resistance (Camberwell, Vic: Widescope, 1977), 79; see also, Marcus, A, “Legislating White Australia, 1900 - 1970” in Kirby, D, (ed) Sex Power and Justice Historical Perspectives on Law in Australia (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1995) 237, 243 and 261
[42] On 23 July 1922, the police rounded up a group of Aborigines at Durack River in Western Australia and killed them. It was acknowledged by Report of the Royal Commission of Inquiry into Alleged Killing and Burning of Bodies of Aborigines in East Kimberley and Into Police Methods when Effecting Arrests, that in 1926, police killed and burned the bodies of twenty Aborigines. Robinson, F, & York, B, The Black Resistance (Camberwell, Vic: Widescope, 1977), 90; see also, Marcus, A, “Legislating White Australia, 1900 - 1970” in Kirby, D, (ed) Sex Power and Justice Historical Perspectives on Law in Australia (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1995) 237, 243; in 1828-31, Tasmanian Governor Arthur commandeered the Black War which ostensibly was intended to capture Aborigines, only two were brought back alive, and resulted in the virtual decimation of the entire Tasmanian Aboriginal group, Haebich, A, Broken Circles: Fragmenting Indigenous Families 1800 – 2000 (Fremantle: Fremantle Press, 2000), 73
[43] See for instance: Reynolds, H, “Segregation, assimilation, self-determination” in Wilson, J, et al (eds) The Australian Welfare State Key Documents and Themes (South Melbourne: Macmillan Education, 1996), 132; Read, P, A Hundred Years War (Rushcutters Bay, NSW: ANU Press (Pergamon), 1988), 24; Paisley, F, “Feminist challenges to White Australia, 1900 – 1930s” in Kirby, D, (ed) Sex Power and Justice Historical Perspectives on Law in Australia (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1995) 252, 261; Haebich, A, Broken Circles: Fragmenting Indigenous Families 1800 – 2000 (Fremantle: Fremantle Press, 2000), 71-2, and 82-4
[44] Robinson, F, & York, B, The Black Resistance (Camberwell, Vic: Widescope, 1977), 84-5
[45] New South Wales Aboriginal Welfare Board, Annual Report, 30 June 1948, cited in: Williams v The Minister, Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 & Anor [1999] NSWSC 843, paragraph 141
[46] Laws of Australia HUMAN RIGHTS “International Law” para [14]
[47] “United States of America Reservations and Understandings to the Genocide Convention” (1989) 28 ILM 782; Joyner, CC, “The United States and the Genocide Convention” (1987) 27 Ind JIL 411, 442-4; LeBlanc, LJ, “The Intent to Destroy Groups in the Genocide Convention: the Proposed US Understanding” (1984) 78 AJIL 369
[48] Laws of Australia HUMAN RIGHTS “International Law” para [14]
[49] Kuper, L, The Prevention of Genocide (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985), 12-3; Anderson, E, “The Saskatchewan Indians and Canada’s New Constitution” (1982) 36 J Intl Affairs 125, 128
[50] UN Human Rights Commission 1985 Genocide Study UN Doc E/CN.4/Sub.2/1985/6, 2 July 1985 prepared by Whitaker, B, 19
[51] Id
[52] Storey, M, “Kruger v The Commonwealth: Does Genocide Require Malice?” (1998) 21(1) UNSW Law Journal 224, 226-8
[53] Bernard, JRL, (ed) The Pocket Macquarie Dictionary (North Ryde: Jacaranda Press, 1991), 680
[54] Bernard, JRL, (ed) The Pocket Macquarie Dictionary (North Ryde: Jacaranda Press, 1991), 541
[55] Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on Genocide, UN ESCOR, 7th Session, Supp No 6, UN Doc E/794/Corr 1 (1948), 5
[56] Ratner, SR, & Abrams, JS, Accountability for Human Rights Atrocities in International Law Beyond the Nuremberg Legacy (Oxford: Clarendon, 1997), 36; Hannum, H, “International Law and Cambodian Genocide: The Sounds of Silence, (1989) 11 Hum Rts Q 82 108-12; LeBlanc, LJ, “The United Nations Genocide Convention and Political Groups: Should the United States Propose an Amendment?” (1988) 13 Yale J Int’l Law 268, 288-90; Starkman, P, “Genocide and International Law: Is There a Cause of Action?” (1984) 8 ASILS Int’l LJ 1, note 14, 7
[57] Lippman, M, “The Drafting of the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide” (1985) 3 Boston International Law Journal 1, 22-4
[58] Ratner, SR, & Abrams, JS, Accountability for Human Rights Atrocities in International Law Beyond the Nuremberg Legacy (Oxford: Clarendon, 1997), 36
[59] In Thus Spake Zarathustra Nietzsche depicted the last folly of human kind in terms of its advancement as being the desire to help the unfortunate. In incorporating elements of Nietzsche’s philosophy, the Nazi regime was acting with higher motives in believing that the eradication of Jews, gypsies, Catholic priests, communists and homosexuals (all inferior beings) would advance the development of human kind. To avoid any doubt, the author expressly rejects this view of the world. Nietzsche, FW, Thus Spoke Zarathustra (New York: Penguin, 1969)
[60] This is equally true in civil law and common law jurisdictions
[61] Ratner, SR, & Abrams, JS, Accountability for Human Rights Atrocities in International Law Beyond the Nuremberg Legacy (Oxford: Clarendon, 1997), 34
[62] Eichmann, 36 ILR, 228
[63] The Prosecutor v Semanza, Laurent, The International Criminal Tribunal of Rwanda, 97-20-T, http://www.ictr.org/ENGLISH/cases/Semanza/judgement/5.htm, paragraphs 313-4, see also The Prosecutor v Musema, Alfred, The International Criminal Tribunal of Rwanda, 96-12-A, http://www.ictr.org/ENGLISH/cases/Musema/judgement/3.htm, paragraphs 166-7
[64] Post and Telegraph, House of Representatives, Vol 4, 1901 4851
[65] Post and Telegraph, House of Representatives, Vol 4, 1901 4805
[66] In Marriage of B and R 19 Fam LR 594, 603, their Honours cite with approval the words of Chisholm, R (now Justice Chisholm) Black Children: White Welfare? (1985), 72
[67] Different authors describe these policy phases with varying nomenclatures though all are in agreement as to the intended effect of the policies. See for instance: Armitage, A, Comparing the Policy of Aboriginal Assimilation: Australia, Canada, and New Zealand (Vancouver: UBC Press, 1995), 14; Bringing them home, 28-37
[68] Brook, J and Kohen, JL, The Parramatta Native Institution and the Black Town: A History Modern History Series (Sydney: NSW University Press, 1991), 15
[69] Pattel-Gray, A, The Great White Flood Racism in Australia (Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press, 1998), 21-5
[70] Bringing them home, 27 and 39
[71] Bringing them home, 39
[72] Reynolds, H, With the White People (Melbourne: Penguin Books, 1990), 103
[73] Reynolds, H, Dispossession: Black Australia and White Invaders (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1989), 183
[74] Stocking, GW, Victorian Anthropology (New York: Free, 1987), 241
[75] Smith, JM, “Degeneration and Eugenics: Late-Victorian Discourses of the Ending of the Race” (1998) 4 Australasian Victorian Studies Journal 55, 56
[76] Armitage, A, Comparing the Policy of Aboriginal Assimilation: Australia, Canada, and New Zealand (Vancouver: UBC Press, 1995), 5
[77] Pattel-Gray, A, The Great White Flood Racism in Australia (Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press, 1998), 26; Armitage, A, Comparing the Policy of Aboriginal Assimilation: Australia, Canada, and New Zealand (Vancouver: UBC Press, 1995), 18
[78] Pattel-Gray, A, The Great White Flood Racism in Australia (Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press, 1998), 26
[79] Robinson, F, & York, B, The Black Resistance (Camberwell, Vic: Widescope, 1977), 80
[80] Schapper, HP, Aboriginal Advancement to Integration Conditions and Plans for Western Australia (Canberra: ANU Press, 1970), 21
[81] Mulvaney, J, and Harcourt, R, Cricket Walkabout: The Australian Aboriginal Cricketers on Tour 1867-68 (revised ed) (London: Macmillan, 1988), 105
[82] Bringing them home, 29
[83] Massin, B, “From Virchow to Fischer: Physical Anthropology and ‘Modern Race Theories’ in Wilhelmine Germany.” Volksgeist as Method and Ethic: Essays on Boasian Ethnography and the German Anthropological Tradition, in Stocking, GW, (ed) (Madison: U of Wisconsin Press, 1996) 79, 96
[84] Taplin, Rev. G, “The Narrinyeri: an Account of the Tribes of South Australian Aborigines inhabiting the country around the lakes Alexandrina, Albert, and Coorong, and the lower part of the River Murray; their manners and customs. Also, an account of the mission at Point Macleay.” 1873 Native Tribes xxxix-156, 121 cited in Smith, JM, “Degeneration and Eugenics: Late-Victorian Discourses of the Ending of the Race” (1998) 4 Australasian Victorian Studies Journal 55, 58
[85] Brock, P, “Aboriginal Families and the Law in the Era of Assimilation and Segregation, 1890s – 1950s” in Kirby, D, (ed) Sex Power and Justice Historical Perspectives on Law in Australia (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1995) 133, 133
[86] Brock, P, “Aboriginal Families and the Law in the Era of Assimilation and Segregation, 1890s – 1950s” in Kirby, D, (ed) Sex Power and Justice Historical Perspectives on Law in Australia (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1995) 133, 133
[87] Bringing them home, 30 and 108
[88] Smith, JM, “Degeneration and Eugenics: Late-Victorian Discourses of the Ending of the Race” (1998) 4 Australasian Victorian Studies Journal 55, 57
[89] Bringing them home, 40
[90] Bringing them home, 30
[91] Bringing them home, 30
[92] In Bringing them home, 28-9, this discussion is placed under the heading “Protection and segregation of Indigenous People in the nineteenth century” though the legislation refers to the discussion on “‘Merging’ and ‘absorption’” which appears on page 29 and following.
[93] Bringing them home, 31
[94] Hasluck, PMC, Shades of Darkness: Aboriginal Affairs 1925-65 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1988), 66
[95] Hasluck, PMC, Shades of Darkness: Aboriginal Affairs 1925-65 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1988), 66
[96] Hasluck, PMC, Shades of Darkness: Aboriginal Affairs 1925-65 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1988), 69
[97] New South Wales Aboriginal Welfare Board, Annual Report, 30 June 1948, cited in: Williams v The Minister, Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 & Anor [1999] NSWSC 843, paragraph 141
[98] Engel, FG, “Australia: Its Aborigines and Its Mission Boards” (July, 1970) 59,235 International Review of Mission 296, 297
[99] Speech made by Mr A.O. Neville, Chief Protector of Aborigines in Western Australia at Parliament House, Canberra, April 1937. State Archives of Western Australia Department of Native Affairs, ACC. 933 File 427/36. Conference of Commonwealth and State Protectors of Aborigines)
[100] McGregor, R, “Intelligent Parasitism: A.P. and the Rhetoric of Assimilation” (1996) 50-51 Journal of Australian Studies 118, 123
[101] Elkin, AP, “Cultural and Racial Clash in Australia” (1932) September (21) Morpeth Review 38
[102] McGregor, R, “Intelligent Parasitism: A.P. and the Rhetoric of Assimilation” (1996) 50-51 Journal of Australian Studies 118, 120
[103] Elkin, AP, “Reaction and Interaction: A Food Gathering People and European Settlement in Australia” (1951) 53(2) American Anthropologist 164, 175
[104] McGregor, R, “Intelligent Parasitism: A.P. and the Rhetoric of Assimilation” (1996) 50-51 Journal of Australian Studies 118, 124
[105] Bringing them home, 35
[106] Bringing them home, 35
[107] Armitage, A, Comparing the Policy of Aboriginal Assimilation: Australia, Canada, and New Zealand (Vancouver: UBC Press, 1995), 30-1
[108] Brock, P, “Aboriginal Families and the Law in the Era of Assimilation and Segregation, 1890s – 1950s” in Kirby, D, (ed) Sex Power and Justice Historical Perspectives on Law in Australia (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1995) 133, 144
[109] UN working papers which provide a drafting history to conventions
[110] Ratner, SR, & Abrams, JS, Accountability for Human Rights Atrocities in International Law Beyond the Nuremberg Legacy (Oxford: Clarendon, 1997), 31
[111] Wilson, J, et al (eds) The Australian Welfare State Key Documents and Themes (South Melbourne: Macmillan Education, 1996), 156
[112] Parry, S, “Identifying the Process: The Removal of ‘Half-Caste’ Children from Aboriginal Mothers” (1995) 19(2) Aboriginal History 141, 146
[113] Up to that time, section 8 of the Native Welfare Act 1954 (WA) which made the government, in various guises, the guardian of “Aboriginal children” of varying descriptions. That Act remained in force until repealed by the Native Welfare Act 1963 (WA)
[114] Natives (Citizenship Rights) Act 1944 (WA)
[115] Natives (Citizenship Rights) Act 1944 (WA), section 6, para 1
[116] Natives (Citizenship Rights) Act 1944 (WA), section 6, para 2
[117] Natives (Citizenship Rights) Act Amendment Act 1950 (WA), section 2(b)
[118] Natives (Citizenship Rights) Act 1944 (WA), section 4(1)
[119] Natives (Citizenship Rights) Act 1944 (WA), section 4(2)
[120] Natives (Citizenship Rights) Act 1944 (WA), section 5(1)(a)
[121] Natives (Citizenship Rights) Act 1944 (WA), section 6
[122] Natives (Citizenship Rights) Act 1944 (WA), section 7(1)(a)
[123] Natives (Citizenship Rights) Act Amendment Act 1951 (WA), section 8
[124] Natives (Citizenship Rights) Act Amendment Act 1958 (WA), sections 3, 4 and 6
[125] Williams v The Minister, Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 & Anor [1999] NSWSC 843, paragraph 88, 138, and 141
[126] Williams v The Minister, Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 & Anor [1999] NSWSC 843, paragraph 629
[127] Williams v The Minister, Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 & Anor [1999] NSWSC 843, paragraph 633
[128] Parry, S, “Identifying the Process: The Removal of ‘Half-Caste’ Children from Aboriginal Mothers” (1995) 19(2) Aboriginal History 141, 146-7
[129] Welfare Ordinance 1953 (Cth), clause 14, cited in Parry, S, “Identifying the Process: The Removal of ‘Half-Caste’ Children from Aboriginal Mothers” (1995) 19(2) Aboriginal History 141, 146-7
[130] Parry, S, “Identifying the Process: The Removal of ‘Half-Caste’ Children from Aboriginal Mothers” (1995) 19(2) Aboriginal History 141, 147 and 151
[131] Northern Territory Administration, Welfare Branch, Annual Report, 1970-71, cited in Armitage, A, Comparing the Policy of Aboriginal Assimilation: Australia, Canada, and New Zealand (Vancouver: UBC Press, 1995), 62
[132] 19 Fam LR 594, 602
[133] Sommerlad, Dr. E, “Homes for Blacks: Aboriginal Community and Adoption” Report of the Workshop on Aboriginal Community and Adoption, in Proceedings of the First Australian Conference on Adoption, 15-20 Feb 1976, Sydney, 160
[134] Sommerlad, Dr. E, “Homes for Blacks: Aboriginal Community and Adoption” Report of the Workshop on Aboriginal Community and Adoption, in Proceedings of the First Australian Conference on Adoption, 15-20 Feb 1976, Sydney, 161
[135] Gale, F, “Foster Homes for Aboriginal Children” (1968) March Australian Journal of Social Work 8, 9
[136] Armitage, A, Comparing the Policy of Aboriginal Assimilation: Australia, Canada, and New Zealand (Vancouver: UBC Press, 1995), 48, statistics compiled by Milne and Mongta, see footnote b to Table 3.2
[137] Dodson, Commissioner PL, Regional Report of Inquiry into Underlying Issues in Western Australia of the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody, Vol 1, (Canberra: AGPS, 1991), 40
[138] Armitage, A, Comparing the Policy of Aboriginal Assimilation: Australia, Canada, and New Zealand (Vancouver: UBC Press, 1995), 61
[139] Parry, S, “Identifying the Process: The Removal of ‘Half-Caste’ Children from Aboriginal Mothers” (1995) 19(2) Aboriginal History 141, 147
[140] Brock, P, “Aboriginal Families and the Law in the Era of Assimilation and Segregation, 1890s – 1950s” in Kirby, D, (ed) Sex Power and Justice Historical Perspectives on Law in Australia (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1995) 133, 135
[141] Bernard, JRL, (ed) The Pocket Macquarie Dictionary (North Ryde: Jacaranda Press, 1991), 399
[142] relying on Myer Stores Ltd v Soo [1991] 2 VR 597, Cubillo v Commonwealth (No 2) (2000) 103 FCR 1, 1160
[143] MacKinnon, C, “Toward Feminist Jurisprudence” in Towards a Feminist Jurisprudence of the State (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989)
[144] Derrida discusses the force of law as a tool of establishing and maintaining the state, Derrida, J, “Force of Law: The “Mythical Foundation of Authority” in Cornell, D, Rosenfeld, M & Gray Carlson, D, (eds) Deconstruction and the Possibility of Justice (New York: Routledge, 1992), 3
[145] See for instance: Aboriginal Legal Services of Western Australia, Telling Our Story July 1975, 15; Armitage, A, Comparing the Policy of Aboriginal Assimilation: Australia, Canada, and New Zealand (Vancouver: UBC Press, 1995), 35
[146] Pattel-Gray, A, The Great White Flood Racism in Australia (Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press, 1998), 19
[147] Pattel-Gray, A, The Great White Flood Racism in Australia (Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press, 1998), 20
[148] Aborigines Act 1905 (WA), section 8
[149] Aborigines Act Amendment Act 1936 (WA), section 7
[150] Aborigines Act Amendment Act 1911, section 3
[151] Schapper, HP, 15-7
[152] See for instance: Aborigines Act 1905 (WA), sections 12, para 2; 25; 37, para 2; 38, para 2; 39; 40; 41
[153] Aborigines Act 1905 (WA), section 52
[154] Aborigines Act 1905 (WA), section 53
[155] Aborigines Act 1905 (WA), section 55
[156] Western Australia Parliament 1935, “Report of the Royal Commission appointed to Investigate, Report, and Advise upon matters in relation to the Condition and treatment of Aborigines”, (Moseley Report), Votes and Proceedings, Vol I, 5
[157] Marcus, A, “Legislating White Australia, 1900 - 1970” in Kirby, D, (ed) Sex Power and Justice Historical Perspectives on Law in Australia (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1995) 237, 244
[158] Bringing them home, 109
[159] Bringing them home, 109
[160] Native Welfare Act 1954 (WA)
[161] Repealed by Native Welfare Act 1963 (WA), section 3
[162] Aborigines Act Amendment Act 1936 (WA), section 2(e)
[163] Aborigines Act Amendment Act 1936 (WA), section 7
[164] Aboriginal Legal Services of Western Australia, Telling Our Story July 1975, 207
[165] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 98,1935-36, 2376
[166] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 98,1935-36, 2377
[167] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 97, 1935-36, 978
[168] Ibid
[169] Aboriginal Legal Services of Western Australia, Telling Our Story July 1975, 205-13
[170] Brock, P, “Aboriginal Families and the Law in the Era of Assimilation and Segregation, 1890s – 1950s” in Kirby, D, (ed) Sex Power and Justice Historical Perspectives on Law in Australia (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1995) 133, 141-2
[171] “To the President and Members of the Royal Commission at Broome”, NLA MSS 2004/12/234, cited in Paisley, F, “Feminist challenges to White Australia, 1900 – 1930s” in Kirby, D, (ed) Sex Power and Justice Historical Perspectives on Law in Australia (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1995) 252, 267
[172] Haebich, A & Delroy, A, The Stolen Generations: separation of Aboriginal children from their families in Western Australia (Perth: Western Australian Museum, 1999), 21
[173] Brock, P, “Aboriginal Families and the Law in the Era of Assimilation and Segregation, 1890s – 1950s” in Kirby, D, (ed) Sex Power and Justice Historical Perspectives on Law in Australia (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1995) 133, 142. For other reports of such forced removal and Aboriginal attempts to hide the colour of the children’s skin, see: Bringing them home, 108
[174] Haebich, A & Delroy, A, The Stolen Generations: separation of Aboriginal children from their families in Western Australia (Perth: Western Australian Museum, 1999), 37
[175] Speech made by Mr A.O. Neville, Chief Protector of Aborigines in Western Australia at Parliament House, Canberra, April 1937. State Archives of Western Australia Department of Native Affairs, ACC. 933 File 427/36. Conference of Commonwealth and State Protectors of Aborigines), cited in Aboriginal Legal Services of Western Australia, Telling Our Story July 1975, 211
[176] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 98,1935-36, 2382, Mr Coverley
[177] Aboriginal Legal Services of Western Australia, Telling Our Story July 1975, 10
[178] Aboriginal Legal Services of Western Australia, Telling Our Story July 1975, 149
[179] Aboriginal Legal Services of Western Australia, Telling Our Story July 1975, 150
[180] Aboriginal Legal Services of Western Australia, Telling Our Story July 1975, 133
[181] Aboriginal Legal Services of Western Australia, Telling Our Story July 1975, 143-4
[182] Aboriginal Legal Services of Western Australia, Telling Our Story July 1975, 132
[183] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 98, 1935-36, 2399, Hon Keenan
[184] Speech made by Mr A.O. Neville, Chief Protector of Aborigines in Western Australia at Parliament House, Canberra, April 1937. State Archives of Western Australia Department of Native Affairs, ACC. 933 File 427/36. Conference of Commonwealth and State Protectors of Aborigines), cited in Aboriginal Legal Services of Western Australia, Telling Our Story July 1975, 210
[185] Haebich and Delroy provide a sample of a coded telegram issuing removal orders dated 1935. Haebich, A & Delroy, A, The Stolen Generations: separation of Aboriginal children from their families in Western Australia (Perth: Western Australian Museum, 1999), 22
[186] Haebich, A & Delroy, A, The Stolen Generations: separation of Aboriginal children from their families in Western Australia (Perth: Western Australian Museum, 1999), 21
[187] Kruger v Commonwealth (1997) 146 ALR 126
[188] In a letter dated 4 November 1950 to the Administrator of the Northern Territory (Australian Archives document No AA ACT:CRS F1 47/201) cited in Plaintiff’s Submissions to Kruger v Commonwealth (1997) 146 ALR 126, High Court of Australia Melbourne Office of the Registry, No M21 of 1995, para 12
[189] Evans, T, “The Mechanics of Change” (1982) 12 Nelen Yubu 3, 11 cited in Armitage, A, Comparing the Policy of Aboriginal Assimilation: Australia, Canada, and New Zealand (Vancouver: UBC Press, 1995), 59
[190] Report of Patrol Officer Evans, dated 23 December 1949 (referred to in Australian Archives document No AA ACT:CRS F1 47/201) cited in Plaintiff’s Submissions to Kruger v Commonwealth (1997) 146 ALR 126, High Court of Australia Melbourne Office of the Registry, No M21 of 1995, para 12
[191] Cubillo v Commonwealth (No 2) (2000) 103 FCR 1
[192] Cubillo v Commonwealth [2001] 89 FCA 1213
[193] Cubillo v Commonwealth [2001] 89 FCA 1213, paragraph 100
[194] Cubillo v Commonwealth (No 2) (2000) 103 FCR 1, 1162
[195] Cubillo v Commonwealth (No 2) (2000) 103 FCR 1, 1086
[196] Cubillo v Commonwealth (No 2) (2000) 103 FCR 1, 445
[197] Cubillo v Commonwealth (No 2) (2000) 103 FCR 1, 452
[198] Cubillo v Commonwealth (No 2) (2000) 103 FCR 1, 443
[199] Cubillo v Commonwealth (No 2) (2000) 103 FCR 1, 424
[200] Cubillo v Commonwealth (No 2) (2000) 103 FCR 1, 423; see also Full Court appeal
[201] Cubillo v Commonwealth (No 2) (2000) 103 FCR 1, 423
[202] Cubillo v Commonwealth (No 2) (2000) 103 FCR 1, 442
[203] Cubillo v Commonwealth (No 2) (2000) 103 FCR 1, 503
[204] Cubillo v Commonwealth [2001] 89 FCA 1213, paragraph 164
[205] Cubillo v Commonwealth (No 2) (2000) 103 FCR 1, 1145
[206] Cubillo v Commonwealth (No 2) (2000) 103 FCR 1, 1145
[207] Cubillo v Commonwealth (No 2) (2000) 103 FCR 1, 1148
[208] Cubillo v Commonwealth (No 2) (2000) 103 FCR 1, 1190
[209] Schapper, HP, Aboriginal Advancement to Integration Conditions and Plans for Western Australia (Canberra: ANU Press, 1970), 25
[210] Schapper, HP, Aboriginal Advancement to Integration Conditions and Plans for Western Australia (Canberra: ANU Press, 1970), 27
[211] Bringing them home, 112
[212] Haebich, A, Broken Circles: Fragmenting Indigenous Families 1800 – 2000 (Fremantle: Fremantle Press, 2000), 511
[213] Native Welfare Act 1954 (WA)
[214] Native Welfare Act 1963 (WA)
[215] The law of evidence required persons without religious belief in afterlife punishment were considered incompetent to give evidence on oath, R v Lewis (1877) Knox 8. An Act to allow the Aboriginal Natives of Western Australia to give information and evidence in Criminal cases, and to enable Magistrates to award summary punishment, for certain offences 2nd July, 1840 4 Vic, No 8, Royal assent refused. Subsequently, an Act was carried to allow Aborigines to give evidence without the sanction of an Oath, An Act to allow the Aboriginal Natives of Western Australia to give information and evidence without sanction of an Oath 26th November 1841, 4 & 5 Vic No 22
[216] An Act to prevent the enticing away the Girls of the Aboriginal Race from School, or from any Service in which they are employed 1st Aug 1844, 8 Vic No 6
[217] The Aborigines Protection Act 1886 (WA) 50 Vic No 25, preamble
[218] The Aborigines Protection Act 1886 (WA) 50 Vic No 25, section 6(1)
[219] The Aborigines Protection Act 1886 (WA) 50 Vic No 25, section 6(2). Per section 40, such distributed items were only to be on loan
[220] The Aborigines Protection Act 1886 (WA) 50 Vic No 25, section 6(3)
[221] The Aborigines Protection Act 1886 (WA) 50 Vic No 25, section 6(4)
[222] The Aborigines Protection Act 1886 (WA) 50 Vic No 25, section 6(6)
[223] An Act to confer a Constitution on Western Australia, and to grant a Civil List to Her Majesty 21st October 1890, 52 Vic No 23, section 70
[224] An Act to confer a Constitution on Western Australia, and to grant a Civil List to Her Majesty 21st October 1890, 52 Vic No 23, section 70
[225] Aborigines Act 1905 (WA)
[226] Schapper, HP, Aboriginal Advancement to Integration Conditions and Plans for Western Australia (Canberra: ANU Press, 1970), 21-3
[227] Aborigines Act 1905 (WA)
[228] Aborigines Act 1905 (WA), section 4
[229] Aborigines Act 1905 (WA), section 8
[230] Aborigines Act 1905 (WA), section 9
[231] Aborigines Act 1905 (WA), section 6, cf: The Aborigines Protection Act 1886 (WA) 50 Vic No 25, section 6
[232] Aborigines Act 1905 (WA), section 10
[233] Aborigines Act 1905 (WA), sections 14 & 15
[234] Aborigines Act 1905 (WA), section 36
[235] Aborigines Act 1905 (WA), sections 17 – 32, 35
[236] Aborigines Act 1905 (WA), section 33
[237] Aborigines Act 1905 (WA), section 40
[238] Aborigines Act 1905 (WA), part of the full title of Act
[239] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 28. 1905, 433, Mr Piesse
[240] Aborigines Act 1905 (WA)
[241] Aborigines Act Amendment Act 1936 (WA)
[242] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 97,1935-36, 1206-7
[243] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 97,1935-36, 1207
[244] Aborigines Act Amendment Act 1936 (WA), section 2(e)
[245] Aborigines Act Amendment Act 1936 (WA), section 7
[246] Aborigines Act Amendment Act 1936 (WA), section 12
[247] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 98, 1935-36, 2392
[248] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 98, 1935-36, 2374-5
[249] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 97, 1935-36, 1207
[250] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 98, 1935-36, 2367
[251] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 97, 1935-36, 714
[252] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 97, 1935-36, 880. similar criticism was made by Hon J Nicholson, Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 97, 1935-36, 886
[253] Speech made by Mr A.O. Neville, Chief Protector of Aborigines in Western Australia at Parliament House, Canberra, April 1937. State Archives of Western Australia Department of Native Affairs, ACC. 933 File 427/36. Conference of Commonwealth and State Protectors of Aborigines), cited in Aboriginal Legal Services of Western Australia, Telling Our Story July 1975, 209
[254] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 97, 1935-36, 981
[255] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 97, 1935-36, 981
[256] Native Welfare Act 1954 (WA)
[257] Native Welfare Act 1954 (WA), section 3
[258] Native Welfare Act 1954 (WA), section 8(b)
[259] Native Welfare Act 1963 (WA), section 5
[260] Schapper, HP, Aboriginal Advancement to Integration Conditions and Plans for Western Australia (Canberra: ANU Press, 1970), 27 - 8
[261] Cf: Reilly, A, “Control in the Leviathan: Limitations on the Power of Parliament to Pass Genocidal Laws in Australia” (1999) 3(2) Flinders Journal of Law Reform 247, 253-4. it is argued in this paper that a finding of genocide may be made out where the physical element of the crime is accompanied by a general intention to destroy the group
[262] Gehardy v Brown (1985) 159 CLR 70, 484 (Mason CJ, Brennan, Deane, Toohey, Gaudron and McHugh JJ)
[263] (1985) 159 CLR 70
[264] Blackshield, T & Williams, G, Australian Constitutional Law and Theory Commentary and Materials (2nd ed) (Leichardt: Federation Press, 1998), 174-6. Reilly notes that in Kartinyeri v Commonwealth (1998) 152 ALR 540, the High Court left open the question of whether the Commonwealth Parliament’s law-making power was sufficient to enact legislation having genocidal effect, Reilly, A, “Control in the Leviathan: Limitations on the Power of Parliament to Pass Genocidal Laws in Australia” (1999) 3(2) Flinders Journal of Law Reform 247, 251
[265] 146 ALR 126
[266] Buti, T, “Bringing Them Home – Well Not Just Yet” (1999) 6 James Cook University Law Review 61, 76
[267] Buti, T, “Removal of Indigenous Children from their Families: The National Inquiry and What Came Before – The Push for Reparation” (1998) 3(1) Australian Indigenous Law Reporter 1, 13
[268] Id
[269] See for instance, Buti, T, “Removal of Indigenous Children from their Families: The National Inquiry and What Came Before – The Push for Reparation” (1998) 3(1) Australian Indigenous Law Reporter 1, 12
[270] The Capital Punishment Amendment Act 1871 34 Vic No 15
[271] The Capital Punishment Amendment Act 1871, section 2, 34 Vic No 15
[272] The Capital Punishment Amendment Act 1871 Amendment Act, 1875, sections 2 and 3, 39 Vic No 1
[273] Criminal Code Amendment Act, 1952 (WA), section 2
[274] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Legislative Council, 1875-76, 30, Hon Hocking
[275] In the author’s opinion, state execution is always cruel and unusual
[276] Neville, AO, Australia’s Coloured Minority: Its Place in the Community (Sydney: Currawong Publishing, 1947), 80 cited in Haebich, A & Delroy, A, The Stolen Generations: separation of Aboriginal children from their families in Western Australia (Perth: Western Australian Museum, 1999), 39
[277] Aborigines Act Amendment Act 1936 (WA), section 26
[278] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 97, 1935-36, 826
[279] Aborigines Act Amendment Act 1936 (WA), section 12, (section title)
[280] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 98, 1935-36, 2600
[281] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 97, 1935-36, 1074, Chief Secretary
[282] Haebich, A & Delroy, A, The Stolen Generations: separation of Aboriginal children from their families in Western Australia (Perth: Western Australian Museum, 1999), 22
[283] Speech made by Mr A.O. Neville, Chief Protector of Aborigines in Western Australia at Parliament House, Canberra, April 1937. State Archives of Western Australia Department of Native Affairs, ACC. 933 File 427/36. Conference of Commonwealth and State Protectors of Aborigines), cited in Aboriginal Legal Services of Western Australia, Telling Our Story July 1975, 209
[284] Haebich, A, Broken Circles: Fragmenting Indigenous Families 1800 – 2000 (Fremantle: Fremantle Press, 2000), 160
[285] Speech made by Mr A.O. Neville, Chief Protector of Aborigines in Western Australia at Parliament House, Canberra, April 1937. State Archives of Western Australia Department of Native Affairs, ACC. 933 File 427/36. Conference of Commonwealth and State Protectors of Aborigines), cited in Aboriginal Legal Services of Western Australia, Telling Our Story July 1975, 210
[286] Constitution Act, section 70, was repealed in 1905, Aborigines Act 1905 (WA), s66, First Schedule. Section 70 was replaced by section 5, Aborigines Act 1905 (WA), requiring at least £10,000 to be provided to the Aborigines Department
[287] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 98, 1935-36, 2367, Hon C Latham
[288] Aborigines Act Amendment Act 1936 (WA)
[289] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 97, 1935-36, 713, Chief Secretary Kitson
[290] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 98, 1935-36, 2391, Seward
[291] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 97, 1935-36, 712, Chief Secretary Kitson
[292] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 98, 1935-36, 2371, C Latham
[293] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 98, 1935-36, 2374, C Latham; 2392 and 2392, Seward
[294] Haebich, A & Delroy, A, The Stolen Generations: separation of Aboriginal children from their families in Western Australia (Perth: Western Australian Museum, 1999), 32
[295] Id
[296] Id
[297] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 97, 1935-36, 880
[298] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 97, 1935-36, 1071
[299] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 97, 1935-36, 832
[300] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 97, 1935-36, 832
[301] Paisley, F, “Feminist challenges to White Australia, 1900 – 1930s” in Kirby, D, (ed) Sex Power and Justice Historical Perspectives on Law in Australia (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1995) 252, 266
[302] Moseley Report, Transcripts of Evidence, Vol 51, 539-40, cited in Paisley, F, “Feminist challenges to White Australia, 1900 – 1930s” in Kirby, D, (ed) Sex Power and Justice Historical Perspectives on Law in Australia (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1995) 252, 266
[303] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 97, 1935-36, 973, see preceding page for context
[304] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 97, 1935-36, 978 Hon EHH Hall; Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 97, 1935-36, 932, Hon A Thomson; Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 97, 1935-36, 880 - 1, Hon JJ Holmes; Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 97, 1935-36, 829, Hon EH Angelo
[305] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 98, 1935-36, 2392, Seward
[306] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 98, 1935-36, 2392, Mr Seward
[307] Haebich, A, Broken Circles: Fragmenting Indigenous Families 1800 – 2000 (Fremantle: Fremantle Press, 2000), 68
[308] Haebich, A, Broken Circles: Fragmenting Indigenous Families 1800 – 2000 (Fremantle: Fremantle Press, 2000), 72, demands reported in the Colonial Times, date of publication unknown
[309] Aborigines Act Amendment Act 1936 (WA)
[310] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 97, 1935-36, 879, Hon WJ Mann
[311] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 97, 1935-36, 822, Hon L. Craig
[312] Haebich & Delroy suggest that this was intended to “limit any increase in [the] internal mixed race population”. Haebich, A & Delroy, A, The Stolen Generations: separation of Aboriginal children from their families in Western Australia (Perth: Western Australian Museum, 1999), 21
[313] Hon J Nicholson said that the Parliament must put a “check or stamp out the tremendous menace confronting the State”, Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 97, 1935-36, 1068; Hon WJ Mann describes the increase in the “half-caste” population as a menace, Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 97, 1935-36, 878 and 879; Hon GB Wood referred to the ever-increasing and great menace, Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 97, 1935-36, 831, for further detail on his comments see below
[314] The Chief Secretary discusses penalties to be imposed on whites for engaging in sexual relations with Aborigines, Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 97, 1935-36, 1064 and 1065
[315] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 97, 1935-36, 830
[316] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 97, 1935-36, 830-1, Hon GB Wood
[317] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 97, 1935-36, 831, Hon GB Wood
[318] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 97, 1935-36, 823, Hon L Craig
[319] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 97, 1935-36, 1067
[320] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 97, 1935-36, 1068
[321] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 97, 1935-36, 1067
[322] Haebich, A, Broken Circles: Fragmenting Indigenous Families 1800 – 2000 (Fremantle: Fremantle Press, 2000), 186-7
[323] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 97, 1935-36, 1106
[324] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 97, 1935-36, 1108
[325] Aborigines Act Amendment Act 1936 (WA), section 12 inserts new section in principal Act (subsequently referred to as the Native Welfare Act 1905 – 1954 (WA), section 15A
[326] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 98, 1935-36, 2554
[327] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 98, 1935-36, 2608
[328] Western Australia Parliament Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 97, 1935-36, 824, Hon J Baxter
[329] Haebich, A & Delroy, A, The Stolen Generations: separation of Aboriginal children from their families in Western Australia (Perth: Western Australian Museum, 1999), 21-2
[330] id
[331] See for instance: Aboriginal Legal Services of Western Australia, Telling Our Story July 1975; and Bringing them home
[332] [1999] FCA 1192
[333] Cited in Reilly, A, “Control in the Leviathan: Limitations on the Power of Parliament to Pass Genocidal Laws in Australia” (1999) 3(2) Flinders Journal of Law Reform 247, 253
[334] Nulyarimma v Thompson [1999] FCA 1192, [78], cited in Reilly, A, “Control in the Leviathan: Limitations on the Power of Parliament to Pass Genocidal Laws in Australia” (1999) 3(2) Flinders Journal of Law Reform 247, 253
[335] Cubillo v Commonwealth (No 2) (2000) 103 FCR 1
[336] Cubillo v Commonwealth [2001] 89 FCA 1213
[337] Cubillo v Commonwealth, unreported, D10/01 and D11/01, 3 May 2002
[338] Williams v The Minister, Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 & Anor [1999] NSWSC 843
[339] Williams v The Minister, Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 & Anor [2000]NSWCA 255